tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76638652164966431692024-02-20T17:20:40.904-08:00Best and cheap essay writing serviceAzamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.comBlogger244125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-23483283199327150672020-08-27T18:33:00.001-07:002020-08-27T18:33:05.764-07:00Outline Thesis We Once Believed That Earth Is The Only Planet In TheFramework Thesis: We once accepted that Earth is the main planet in the Universe that bolsters life. Today there is overpowering proof that recommends, yet underpins the genuine chance that we may impart the Universe to other insightful creatures. I. Things in the Sky A. The First Documented Sighting B. The Fever Spreads 1. Pilot Encounters 2. The Lights in the Sky II. Marks in the Earth III. Unexplained Phenomenon A. The Writing on the Wall B. Geodes IV. Shouldn't something be said about Religion? A. The Christian Bible B. The Ancient Greeks C. The American Indian V. End We are not Alone. On June 24th, 1947 while looking for the remaining parts of a brought down Marine C-46 vehicle, lost some place in the Mount Ranier region, a youthful Idahoan businessperson named Kenneth Arnold spotted something that would change his life until the end of time. Only north of his position flying at an elevation of 9,500 feet and an extraordinary velocity of 1,700 mph he spotted nine round airplane flying in arrangement. As per his gauge the airplane were around the size of a DC-4 carrier ( Jackson 4). This record was the principal locating to ever get a lot of media consideration. This locating brought forth the expression flying Saucer begat by a columnist named Bill Begrette. Despite the fact that not the main UFO locating ever, Kenneth Arnolds account is viewed as the principal recorded UFO locating. The next day Mr. Arnold found that notwithstanding his locating there were a few others in the Mount Ranier territory that equivalent day (Jackson 6). At the point when the majority of consider UFO sightings we picture a jobless, half-crazed, alcoholic hick living in a trailer park in the center modest community USA. Intermittently this portrayal, albeit somewhat misrepresented, appears to fit genuinely well. In the past when the normal individual recognized a UFO they were immediately limited as a nutcase or extortionist looking for either consideration or money related prize . It wasn't until increasingly trustworthy figures in our general public started to approach that we that we began seeing this issue somewhat more genuinely. An article composed 1957, entitled Strange lights over Grenada composed by Aime' Michel depicts simply such a record: At 10:35 p.m. on September the fourth, 1957 Cpt Ferreira requested his wing to surrender an arranged exercise and execute a 50 degree go to port. Ferreira was endeavoring to get a more intensive glance at what he portrayed as splendid, throbbing light draping low into the great beyond. At the point when the turn was finished he saw that the article had turned as well. It was still legitimately over his left. There was positively no uncertainty that the orange light was shadowing the F-84s. For an additional 10 minutes, it followed the planes without altering course or appearance. The pilots looked as four little yellow plates split away from the huge red item and took up an arrangement on either side of it. At the same time the enormous glowing circle shot vertically upward while the littler plates shot straight towards the F-84s. In a moment the level plate sped overhead in a dim haze and disappeared. When Cpt Ferriera was addressed by Portuguese Air Force Investigators he was cited as saying: Kindly don't come out with the old clarification that we were being pursued by the planet Venus, climate inflatables, or crack barometrical conditions. What we saw up there was genuine and astutely controlled. What's more, it horrified us. (32) This is just one of truly several pilot accounts that have been reported and cross confirmed by different sources. To date the Portuguese Government has accepted no official situation with regards to what the brilliant plates were. The United States has had too much of unexplained elevated articles. In February of 1960 the N.A.A.D.S. (North American Air Defense System) detected a satellite of obscure starting point circling the Earth. They realized that it w as certainly not a Soviet satellite since it was circling opposite to direction created by a Soviet dispatch. It likewise had a mass evaluated at 15 metric tons, no proof of sponsor rockets and went at speed multiple times quicker than any known satellite. The satellite circled for Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-50954529622258003972020-08-22T12:49:00.001-07:002020-08-22T12:49:33.322-07:00Strategic Analysis of Zara Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 wordsKey Analysis of Zara Inc - Essay Example Research demonstrates these variables incorporate escalated serious contention, purchaser power with customers, and even dangers of substitute items that can drive evaluating lower. Research has additionally demonstrated a lot of negative exposure for Zara, something requiring tending to by Zara officials so as to improve and support a quality brand notoriety in its universal markets. In spite of the fact that Zara can adequately make a few boundaries, for example, new market contestants and by expelling purchasing power by constraining redistributed provider nearness, Zara still requires more accentuation on understanding business sector qualities viably to give pertinent items and increase more brand unwaveringness. Suggestions for business improvement have been distinguished as leading progressively serious statistical surveying, more accentuation on the special capacity and use of intuitive showcasing, decentralization of certain business capacities along the worth chain, and bui lding increasingly self-possessed assembling and flexibly limit so as to increase upper hand. 1.0 Industry examination Buchanan and Huczynski (2010) give information on possibility hypothesis, a key model that demonstrates as conditions in the market or industry change, the organisationââ¬â¢s structure should likewise be changed so as to adjust and remain significant. Zara is a prime case of a business that comprehends the market qualities and capacities of significant opponents, making possibility techniques so as to react (rapidly) to changing business sector and industry elements. This is cultivated, obviously, through keeping up a position in which Zara officials routinely examine the outer condition to distinguish dangers and openings that could add to a superior market position. Thompson, Gamble and Strickland (2005) offer the Five Forces Model proposed by Michael Porter recognizing five serious dangers that are industry-related that will either upgrade or upset keeping up benefit and upper hand. The most serious industry worry for Zara is danger of substitutes in it s working markets. H&M, Gap Inc. what's more, Benetton offer comparable design stock that is centered around either youth markets with a patterns centered arrangement of purchasing qualities or mass markets that are pulled in to chic styles at moderate costs. Large scale monetary hypothesis shows that danger of substitutes turns into an authentic concern when the interest for the item has been influenced by value changes related with substitute items (Boyes and Melvin 2007). For Zara, substitute items incorporate attire sold at resale shops, for example, with the developing pattern for retro-style designs. In this condition, dress is sold at an ostensible cost, yet at the same time offering buyers items that are regarded stylish. The capacity of shoppers to obtain product and design frill from an assortment of lower-cost deals offices can influence interest for Zaraââ¬â¢s stock. In this manner, Zara must know about elective acquirement Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-13966704960796960372020-08-21T10:31:00.001-07:002020-08-21T10:31:13.531-07:00Preparing For IIT HSEE Essay TopicsPreparing For IIT HSEE Essay TopicsWhile preparing for IIT entrance exams, you may have an idea of IIT HSEE essay topics that will come under your particular subject area. While doing your research and deliberating on the topic of your essay, make sure that you choose the appropriate topic, which is applicable to the class you are about to take.Essay topics for IIT HSEE cover many aspects, such as the humanities, science, social sciences, mathematics, technology, business and economics. So, it's important that the student familiarizes themselves with all these subjects prior to choosing the one that they feel is appropriate for the class they wish to take. And the knowledge that they have also helps the student make a better decision on how to approach their essay. But while preparing your topic for IIT HSEE essays, you have to be certain about the type of essay to write so that it can also give a proper exposure to your skills.One of the best ways to prepare for IIT HSEE is to study on a class that you already know. However, choosing a class that you are familiar with can be risky, because in case the topic you will be writing is new to you, you might end up misunderstanding it. So before choosing a topic, make sure that you study thoroughly what you will be writing in your essay. There are two ways to do this: read the required texts, or learn from a short essay by a lecturer or a tutor.It is also recommended that you practice what you will be writing, whether it's on a single topic or not. If you're confident that the material that you'll be writing on won't be a problem for your classmates, then choose the one that you would like to write. And in case you need help with your topics, then make sure that you ask help from a tutor or a lecturer or read books on it, and keep the material you've learned throughout the year for your next year of college. You have to make sure that your essay on IIT HSEE has a good content to begin with. Reading all the texts will take a lot of time and effort, which will lessen the chances of you writing a good-quality topic. So instead of wasting your time reading all the texts, try reading only the necessary text, which is provided on the syllabus.If you want to know more about the general topic on IIT HSEE, but you still don't know anything about it, you can browse through the syllabus before starting your preparation. As soon as you have the proper idea of what the topic is, then you can begin the essay and study thoroughly in order to ensure the content that you've written will be informative and challenging.However, to write a good essay on IIT HSEE, you should also know how to use relevant vocabulary. Vocabulary is important since you are expected to know how to express the meaning of words, and this will help in better understanding the word and the topic you're writing about.In conclusion, while preparing for IIT HSEE, you must make sure that you study in advance and come up with a good topic befor e you start writing the essay. This will help you get a better result when writing your essay, and it will also ensure that your topic will be all that you need. Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-27442274462256063782020-05-26T02:08:00.001-07:002020-05-26T02:08:04.519-07:00Renewable Energy An Essential Function Of Protecting Humans Every day fossil fuels are heavily emitting greenhouse gases leading to the destruction of the ozone layer and limiting the ozoneââ¬â¢s ability to perform an essential function of protecting humans from deadly UV rays. Many ideas for solutions are being researched to help prevent these emissions, but the most promising solution is going green and eliminating fossil fuels. Although conventional energy such as coal, gas, and crude oil are the most popular energy sources, renewable energy including solar, wind, and hydroelectricity could provide the same amount of energy without the same detrimental consequences for our environment. Even though non-renewable energy produces more energy, and can be used for more tasks, renewable energy has anâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As the percent of greenhouse gas emissions rise it puts more stress on the ozone layer, slowly depleting it and causing holes to appear. These effects are irreversible and will harm all of the world, because the ozone layer helps protects animals from harmful UV rays. The production and cost to sell conventional energy are far greater than the cost to obtain and maintain renewable energy plants. Renewable energy plants such as windmills, and dams require the cost to produce the plant, then small maintenance fees throughout the plant s lifetime. Whereas conventional energy requires multiple costs, the cost for drilling, shipping, and refining the material, with the cost of transportation, The use of renewable energy in towns to make them green, ââ¬Å"can save thousands of dollars and boost property valueâ⬠(Jasmin Chua The true cost of renewable energy). Clearly the money invested in developing renewable energy infrastructure is a wise investment and will pay off because, the cost spent will be reimbursed by the savings not spent on energy. While looking over the long term cost of both renewable and nonrenewable plants, both have their advantages. The main cost for renewable energy is the startup of the plant and locating an area for the plants. Coal has multiple cost since it has to be extracted from the ground, refined into a sellable product and shipped to its suppliers. Collectively ââ¬Å"in 2007, all the world countries spent an estimated 450 billion Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-80628258650858532042020-05-15T08:43:00.001-07:002020-05-15T08:43:09.609-07:00Is Cheating Ethical - 1654 Words Introduction: Many people tend to equate ethics with their feelings. But being ethical is clearly not a matter of followings oneââ¬â¢s feelings. Ethics, however, cannot be confined to religion nor is it the same as religion. Being ethical is not the same as following the law. The law often incorporates ethical standards to which most citizens subscribe. But laws, like feelings, can deviate from what is ethical. Finally, being ethical is not the same as doing ââ¬Å"whatever society accepts.â⬠In any society, most people accept standards that are ethical. But standards of behaviour in society can deviate from what is ethical. An entire society can become ethically corrupt. Nazi Germany is good example of a morally corrupt society. What then, isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦No matter what consequences a person is going to bear if he/she does not cheat or whatever are the consequences like teacher was not good, the person was having a problem just before the exam, he/she may fail the course or may be fired from the job. According to principle of universalism moral duty of a person could be revealed through reasons, objectively. Kant said that to act morally is oneââ¬â¢s moral duty and oneââ¬â¢s moral duty is to follow innate law. Under Universal law he said that all moral statement should be general law for everyone under every circumstance and there should be no occasion under which exception are made. If anyone allow a person to cheat due to any reason and tries to prove that it is ethical than that should be applicable to every member in the room because every person is having some problem with in their personal life and this will also create a sense of discrimination among other members. Kant said that you should never treat people as a means of some ends. People should always be treated as ends in themselves; it promotes equality among human beings. So at last we can say that according to principle of categoricalism doing wrong thing or action is always wrong no matter what ever will be the end or doing wrong thing would benefit how many people. Cheating in class or exam is wrong and one person should not do that (rsrevision/kantandthecatimp.htm). Is it ethical thingShow MoreRelatedPersonal Ethics : An Ethical Person? Cheating On Taxes, Exams, Relationships948 Words à |à 4 PagesPersonal Ethics: What does it mean to be an ethical person? Cheating on taxes, exams, relationships, etc., seems to be rampant. Is this a problem? Why or why not? Personal ethics is the generally accepted principles or practices of right and wrong governing the conduct of individuals. To be simple, personal ethnic is the internal guide that tells us what is right and wrong. They drive our actions and emotions on o daily basis. Some people may be appearing similar set of personal ethics, but someRead More Ethics Of Cheating Essay752 Words à |à 4 Pagesthey doâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦theyââ¬â¢re Cheaters Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove. I intend to show the different beliefs, from different perspectives of people, and also intend on proving which beliefs have the strongest and weakest arguments. An ethical egoist could argue that weRead MoreEssay Ethics of Cheating735 Words à |à 3 Pagesthey doÃâ¦Ãâ¦Ãâ¦theyre Cheaters Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove. I intend to show the different beliefs, from different perspectives of people, and also intend on proving which beliefs have the strongest and weakest arguments. An ethical egoist could argue that weRead MoreCanadian Decision Making Model For Personnel Selection1302 Words à |à 6 Pages According to London and Bray 1980 as cited in Beresoff, (2003) although some situations may be constructed by the employer, the psychologist perceives and interprets the situation with restrictions that he or she believes contribute to an ethical practice. On the other hand, tests given for one purpose may be used for another purpose. For instance, as they, London and Bray, point out, a score on an employment test may be used later for selection in a training program, assignment to a specificRead MoreEssay on What is Cheating and Why Cheating is Bad?1219 Words à |à 5 Pages Introduction - What is Cheating and Why Cheating is Bad? In this paper, we discuss how academic dishonesty in general and what role if any, the structure and teaching of courses ââ¬â as a part of business management curriculum in particular ââ¬â plays, in curbing that dishonesty. Cheating can be defined as any act of academic dishonesty and is encountered in various forms. There has been extensive research [Whitley, 1998] to analyze fraudulent exercises- especially in undergraduate school setting. 72%Read MoreThe Code Of Ethics For Education917 Words à |à 4 PagesMy area of study is in education. The code of ethics for education falls into three different categories, ethical conduct towards the students, ethical conduct practices, and ethical conduct towards colleagues. Educators have a moral responsibility to have a learning environment that fulfills and helps their students reach their full potential. According to the Code of Educators, ââ¬Å"The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help themRead MoreWhy Should Students From A Respected University Cheat?1014 Words à |à 5 PagesWhenever a cheating scandal pops up in the news, a majority of the people always wonder why. Why would stud ents from a respected university cheat? Who should we put the blame on? A lot of people are quick to assume that it is the student s personal morals, which causes them to cheat. I realized why a lot of studentââ¬â¢s cheat, and how certain articles that I read, proposed we fix the cheating issue. The main goal is to prevent future cheating, and you start preventing cheating by looking at what theRead MoreChallenges Facing the Accounting Profession Today700 Words à |à 3 Pageswork will explain the rules for financial reporting in terms of where they can be located and noting the most important of the rules. Finally, this work will address what should be done to address an ethical dilemma and specifically one involving one student observing another accounting student cheating on a test. I. Challenges the Accounting Profession Faces It is reported that organizations face a growing challenge for the recruitment, development and retention of finance professionals dueRead MoreIs it Ethical? Essay1465 Words à |à 6 Pagestopic of controversy in both the scientific and philosophical/ethical communities. When thinking about higher education and the role ethics play on the individuals, many psychologists and other professions have considered whether or not universities are capable of creating ethical individuals, or if students develop their ethics before coming to college. Many people believe that universities are responsible for creating moral/ethical individuals, but I am going to argue that ethics within the individualRead MoreEthics As Explained By Robert J. Sternberg1291 Words à |à 6 Pagesmeasure in which, ethical reasoning comes into play. Ethics as explained by Robert J. Sternberg, ââ¬Å"Ethics is a set of principles for what constitutes right and wrong behavior.â⬠(Sternberg, 2017, para. 3). And fu rther elaborates ethical reasoning to be, ââ¬Å"Ethical reasoning is how to think about issues of right or wrong.â⬠(Sternberg, 2017, para. 4). Such situations that may need ethical reasoning to take place may be demonstrated when one finds themselves questioning whether cheating is the route to pursue Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-87754731910148769612020-05-06T16:22:00.001-07:002020-05-06T16:22:33.171-07:00Conflict and Omagh Essay - 1053 Words CONFLICT AND OMAGH ESSAY Conflict is an inevitable occurrence that occurs throughout all woks of life and its effect expand far beyond the individual person and pose a significant impact on the wider community. Conflicts can be as small as a disagreement with friends or family or as big as a bombing or war. Conflict can be expressed as a fight or struggle due to a clash between people with opposing beliefs or interests. Conflict occurs in social settings and has a great impact on a persons daily life and the lives of those in the society. Conflict is part of life of humans. It can be in various types such as racial conflicts such as in the Middle Eat, religious conflict, Bali Bombing and September 11, cultural or inner conflict. Asâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He was a man great courage and tolerance. He taught his followers to ââ¬Ëadopt a peaceful course of action to avoid all violenceââ¬â¢. Similar to Gandhi, he also rejected violence. In the 1950ââ¬â¢s, Mandela was arrested and imprisoned for twenty-seven years. After that twenty-seven years of imprisonment, he would have seeked revenge but he didnââ¬â¢t, because he believed in avoiding conflict. Instead, he kept teaching peace and equality. Mandela led a life that symbolizes the triumph of human spirit. Latter in 1994, he led South Africa as President. It is people like Nelson Mandela that try and circumvent conflict even when a human is concerned. Martin Luther King was and African American that tried to end racial discrimination, which is a hug issue n our society today. He fought and stood up equality amongst all people. He was inspired of Gandhiââ¬â¢s success with non-violent activism. He stood up for what was right. He didnââ¬â¢t respond with violence but just spoke out publically. Conflict is everywhere, it is how it is dealt with that matters. The three great men dealt with conflict by teaching good values and principles, and proves that violence is not the only way to resolve conflict. Te Gallagher family encountered conflicts. When Michael was caught up with all the meetings , he was neglecting the family and there was no one to look after the family at home most of the times. In theShow MoreRelatedWhy Does Conflict Arise in Organizations3618 Words à |à 15 PagesWhy does conflict arise in organizations, and how it can be managed ABSTRACT This essay seeks to illustrate how organizational conflict cannot be avoided. It will demonstrate the various ways in which conflict may arise within organizations and classify them into a range of groups. There will be a thorough analysis to show if conflict is positive or negative towards the growth of an organization. Findings of the previous will then lead to different mechanisms that can be used when managing conflict Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-16735986884894212422020-05-05T19:11:00.001-07:002020-05-05T19:11:12.423-07:00Famous Leader Analysis- Richard Branson free essay sample There are so many things going on around the world and only so many hours in the day. - Richard Branson. Richard Branson is a well known entrepreneur who dropped out of school at the age of 16 to start his first business, and became a millionaire by the age of 24. He flies around the world in a balloon, breaks world records and likes dangerous stunts. He is an ultimate brand builder commonly associated with fun, adventure and success. He is a leader and driving force to around 250 companies, employing 8000 people around the world. He began his business with unique student magazine and a small mail order record company; today his businesses ranging from planes and trains to credit cards and bridal gowns. Branson believes in keeping things simple and that people are the foundations for corporationââ¬â¢s success. It took me years to work out the difference between net and gross, declares the man who has made ? 1bn with his Virgin Empire. In meetings I just used to say tell me if its good or bad news. Branson is fond of linking his business ventures to his own personal experience, bolstering his man of the people appeal. His jumpers, balloon escapades and stunts such as launching Virgin Brides in full matrimonial drag mean its difficult to associate him with the boardroom. ( Guardian on-line, The Observer, Lucy Siegle, When looking at Bransonââ¬â¢s history, itââ¬â¢s clear that he has used a different leadership styles throughout his carrier. According to Daft (2002), leadership involves influence, it occurs among people, those people intentionally desire significant changes, and the changes reflect purposes shared by leaders and followers. The Virgin empire is one where the individual personality of Branson is stamped everywhere throughout the business, therefore, his values and goals are those which drive and permeate every element of the corporation. A review of transformational and charismatic leadership theories suggests that such leaders may achieve their impact by the creation of followers who personally identify with this style as well as with the work group they are with (Yukl, 1988). This personal identification with the leaders is due to his charismatic approach (Conger and Kanungo, 1998) and is based on referent power. The culture that Branson created, in other words Bransonââ¬â¢s way of doing business, itââ¬â¢s strongly influenced by his personality and his unique leadership style. He uses different leadership styles depending on the situation. He seems to be very flexible in his appearance in public. His staffs tend to be loyal and increasingly wealthy. Will Whitehorn, often described as Bransons right-hand man, is very articulate about the companys environmental ambitions. About his boss, he says: He is ruthlessly capitalistic in business but socially communist and always has been. He is unique. According to Mintzberg (2004), you earn leadership from those you lead. He suggests that leadership is about gaining the respect of those who work for you, something which Branson seemed to do a lot in his career. Transformational leaders are often equated with those who can adapt quickly to change (Bass, 1985). Branson clearly showed his flexibility and success in adapting to changing organisational cultures as he bought new businesses and moved into new sectors, bringing his people with him. Bass and Avolio (1994) believe that transformational leaders behave in the ways that motivate and inspire those around them by providing meaning and challenge to their followers` work. Bransonââ¬â¢s charismatic style of leadership is one that stems from a largely transformational approach to how he influences those in his organisation. He shows clear skills in his ability to read the emotions of others and to assess the mood of his own culture, while having tremendous skills in how he can adapt his style and approach to the particular situation or context he is in. His drive and determination to succeed has been a key element of his success, something that stems from a combination of genetics and family circumstances. When analysing Bransonââ¬â¢s leadership style determination seems to be a core trait. His authority is extended by his colourful and charismatic personality and attention grabbing behaviour, both of which increased his visibility and appeal to staff and the public. As a leader he influences his followers to identify with the group goals and values by connecting their individual concept with an organisational goal. Bransonââ¬â¢s drive and determination to succeed has been a key element of his success. ââ¬Å"It has been like hitting up against a solid brick wall. All day and all night long, we battled to get through it. â⬠Richard Branson. References Bass, B. M. (1985) Leadership and Performance beyond Expectation. New York : Free Press. Bass, B. M. Avolio, B. J. (1994) Improving Organizational Effectiveness Through Transformational Leadership. London: Sage Publications. Bertocci, D. I. 2009) Leadership in Organization, There Is a Difference between Leaders and Managers. Plymouth: University Press of America. Bryman,A. (1992) Charisma Leadership in Organisations. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Daft, R. L. (2008) The Leadership Experience. 4th edn. Ohio: Thompson South Western. BBC News Online (2004). Available at: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk/3693588. stm (Accessed: 11 April 2011). Siegle, L. (2002) Finance Innovator: Richard Branson, The Observer, 31 March. Mintzberg, H. (2004). Ideas about Management. Engaging leadership, Decision, Issue 5, 2004. Yukl, G. A. (2010) Leadership in Organizations. 7th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Yukl, G. A. (1989) Managerial Leadership. A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, 15, pp. 251-289. Conger, J. A. and Kanungo, R. N. (1998) The empowerment process: integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 3, pp. 471-482. Martinson, J. (2006) Thoroughly Postmodern Billionaire, The Guardian, 28 April, pp. 33. Zaleznik Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-43132457918191907562020-04-13T01:19:00.001-07:002020-04-13T01:19:03.606-07:00What Could Shakespeare Be Saying About Honour and The Difference Between Male And Female Honour Essay ExampleWhat Could Shakespeare Be Saying About Honour and The Difference Between Male And Female Honour? Essay Much Ado About Nothing is exactly that. It is a lot of dishonour and angst over something which never happened. So what did Shakespeare think about the gullibility and prejudices of the men and women of his time? All of the characters in the play are either honourable people unwittingly doing dishonourable things or dishonourable people deliberately doing honourable things, for example Don John: Lady Hero hath been falsely accusd, the Prince and Claudio mightily abusd, and Don John is the author of all, who is fled and gone. (5.3.102.5-9) I think this play is typical of William Shakespeares writing because he is challenging the opinions and social prejudices of the time he lived in. We will write a custom essay sample on What Could Shakespeare Be Saying About Honour and The Difference Between Male And Female Honour? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Could Shakespeare Be Saying About Honour and The Difference Between Male And Female Honour? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Could Shakespeare Be Saying About Honour and The Difference Between Male And Female Honour? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another strong example of Shakespeares free-thinking and non-stereotypical characters is The Taming Of The Shrew where the heroine of the story is at first a strong-willed and outspoken young woman, similar to Beatrice, who through out the course of the play is beaten, starved and mentally abused until her husband Petruchio is satisfied that he has tamed his wifes unladylike ways. As at the time this would not have been an uncommon occurrence then perhaps this play was a personal attack on events which Shakespeare may have been forced to play witness to at some point. However, having said that it was not a rare occurrence, it still shocked and concerned a lot of its early audiences when it was first played out. I think The Taming Of The Shrew was also very strongly focused on the idea of honour, however the events it involved were far more sinister than that of Much Ado About Nothing even though they are both considered comedies. Petruchios actions towards his shrewish wife Kate are not spawned from his want of a happy marriage, but from his desperately proud and egotistic personality. Those personal flaws are what makes him so neurotic about Kates behaviour as any actions on her part which are perceived to be in any way masculine impedes upon his own masculinity and therefore his male honour. This demonstrates the fact that in the sixteenth century, most married men were more concerned about what their peers thought of them than their own wives well-being. Returning to Much Ado About Nothing, the ideas of male, female and even familial honour play a prominent role in the story. However, whenever someone is dishonoured in the play, it is almost always a woman who gets blamed for it. The only exception to this rule is when Don Johns deceit is discovered, however even then, Leonato still blames Margaret even though she was probably tricked into doing it, FRIAR: Did I not tell you she was innocent? LEONATO: So are the Prince and Claudio who accusd her, Upon the error that you heard debated; But Margaret was in some fault for this, (5.3.103.27-30) Even when everyone knows that Hero is innocent and that it was all a trick played by Don John, they still do nothing about it until after Hero and Claudio, Beatrice and Benedick are married before they do anything about it which allows John time to run from the town. In the beginning of the play, Don Pedro, Claudio and Benedick have just returned from fighting a war against Don John and his comrades Borachio and Conrade. Despite this fact when they arrive in Messina, they are all together as one party and Don Pedro has seemingly forgiven his brother for whatever sparked the war. Everyone is courteous and polite to him, making no comment about it and even: LEONATO: Let me bid you welcome, my Lord, being reconciled to the Prince your brother:I owe you all duty. (1.1.27.21-22) This demonstrates how a felony or betrayal by a man is so easily forgotten, and has no effect on his honour or on his future reputation. This is almost disturbingly different to how people would have reacted if he had been a woman. They would most likely have been spitting on him in the streets and his family, rather than taking him with them wherever they went, and would have denied all associations with him. In fact, a wonderful example of Shakespearian biases is Leonatos proclamation of Do not live Hero, do not ope thine eyes; For did I think thou wouldst not quickly die, Thought I thy spirits were stronger than thy shames, Myself would on the rearward of reproaches, Strike at thy life. (4.1.79.16-20) This shows the attitudes during the sixteenth century which seem kind of skewed compared to our perceptions nowadays. Leonato is basically saying that he would rather his daughter was dead than have to live with the fact that his daughter is not a virgin. This is very different to how fathers react now, because now most young Western women are not virgins when they get married but nobody minds very much because this is generally the norm, the main exception to this rule being in the Islamic faith. In Islam, many young women are forced into arranged marriages which can put their lives in danger if they refuse. Some of these marriages are to men whom the girls have never met let alone fallen in love with which can make the faith seem very behind the times, particularly as even in Shakespeares time people were often married for love like Hero and Claudio, Beatrice and Benedick. Many of the characters seem honourable at the beginning of the play but seem to become darker as it continues. In particular John, he is a bastard so he is, even at the beginning of the play less honourable than others, like Claudio. John is quiet and submissive a lot of the time and seems grateful to his half-brother for having him with them and particularly to Leonato for welcoming him into his home as a friend, I thank you, I am not of many words, but I thank you. (1.1.27.23-24) He is often described as melancholy or morose, these words make the audience empathise with him as in Shakespearian times, to be melancholy was associated with being in love or in particularly, with being in an unrequited love, something which made a man a lot more interesting to the women and would improve what his male peers thought of him and therefore make him more honourable. Having said that, and although there is no mention of Johns emotional attachments, some portrayals of the play have implied that there is an affair between Don John and his man-servant Conrade who is also described as being born under Saturn which generally implies that they are miserable or melancholy characters (again, both supposed symptoms of being in love). This in itself would have been unheard of and possibly the most dishonourable and therefore worst thing to be branded (even worse than being a coward) and if Shakespeare had intended for John to come off as being homosexual then not only would Shakespeare have been ridiculed, his views rejected by all, and he could even have faced being arrested, committed to the dreaded Bedlam Hospital and excommunicated. Had John been homosexual, he could have looked forward to a cell in Bedlam or prison, and possibly even execution, whatever the consequences were it would certainly have made him even more of an outcast than he is already because it is only in very recent years that homosexuality has become accepted in society and even now, there are many societies which frown on it, the Catholic church and Islam in particular. John would have been completely dishonoured had someone discovered him to be homosexual. John seems almost proud of his treacherous personality as he boasts to his men: it must not be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain. he also says I cannot hide what I am: I must be sad when I have cause, and smile at no mans jest, eat when I have stomach, and wait for no mans leisure: sleep when I am drowsy, and tend on no mans business, laugh when I am merry, and claw no man in his humour. (1.3.34.2-7) This makes him seem slightly less of a villain and therefore of a more honourable character because he is actually admitting that he is a bad person. When reading the script of the play, it is quite easy to miss John a lot of the time but when the play is performed John is present during almost every scene even though he doesnt say anything in them. The fact that he is always in the scenes but never joining in the jokes or the general joviality of the group and instead feels more comfortable hovering on the outside, never quite making it into the main group rather implies that he does seem to long for the sort of camaraderie that exists between his brother, Benedick and Claudio probably made to seem particularly strong to him because of his sense of being shunned, unloved and dishonourable all his life because of his being a bastard. This was the generally conceived opinion about illegitimate children during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries however again, nowadays we do not think like this, in fact around half of the population come from single parent families with children from one night stands or failed relationships. I think Shakespeare attempts to persuade his audience to dislike and find people dishonourable based on what they do and not on whether or not their parents were married when they were born. I think this because all of the bastards written in Shakespeares plays are written as villainous or unkind characters, for another example Edmund in King Lear. However, this could be interrupted two completely different ways, one: Shakespeare wanted people to look past the characters illegitimacy and judge them on their actions, or two: Shakespeare shared the common belief of his time that if a person is illegitimate then they will always be bad people so that is what he writes them as. John is a fairly good person for the first part of the play, certainly not matching up to his brother and only starts to show his true colours, namely his black hearted villainy and his yellow-bellied cowardice. Throughout the play though, John is doing things which are dishonest and dishonourable but until he flees instead of staying to face the consequences of his actions at the end of the play, in doing this, he brands himself a coward. Being a coward is basically the only way a man could dishonour himself, whereas a woman could dishonour herself easily. For instance she could have sex out of wedlock, this is what Hero is accused of and nothing she says to the contrary seems to matter whereas if a man (any man, even John) had been accused of the same thing then he could have denied it and that would have been an end to it. The worst thing John could have done would have been to run, unfortunately he does just that: He is composd and framd of treachery, And fled he is upon this villainy. (5.1.96.20-21) In contrast, his companions Borachio and Conrade show their true honourable characters by staying behind to face the consequences of their actions even though they did it under Johns command: BORACHIO: Let this Count kill me: I have deceived even your very eyes: what your wisdoms could not discover, () my villainy they have upon record, which I had rather seal with my death, than repeat over to my shame: the lady is dead upon mine and my masters false accusation: and briefly, I desire nothing but the reward of a villain. (5.1.96.2-13) Benedick is a difficult character because he has many honourable traits but he is fickle, somewhat two faced and shallow: He hath every month a new sworn brother. (1.1.25.6-7) God help the noble Claudio, if he hath caught the Benedick, it will cost him thousand pounds ere a be cured. On the other hand, he is loyal to Beatrice and is even willing to murder his best friend Claudio to defend Beatrices cousins honour, albeit a little reluctantly at first, BEATRICE: Kill Claudio. BENEDICK: Ha, not for the wide world. () Is Claudio thine enemy? BEATRICE: that hath slandered, scorned, dishonoured my kinswoman? Act IV, Scene I, Page 84, Lines 18-31. He does eventually agree, BENEDICK: Think you in your soul the Count Claudio hath wrongd Hero? BEATRICE: Yea, as sure I have a thought, or a soul. BENEDICK: Enough, I am engagd, I will challenge him, (4.1.85.22-25) Benedick also later calls Claudio a coward, this being a direct insult, Claudio would have no choice but to meet his challenge because if he didnt then not only would he be branded a coward by everyone, he would also be extremely dishonoured and likely never properly redeem himself, this would also make him more like John than any of them would probably be comfortable with. The way honour is earned and lost in the play and in the sixteenth century, is very different for men and women, the best example of this in the play is of course Hero. The reason she loses her honour is because she is supposedly not a virgin on her wedding day, however if Claudio were not a virgin then there would be very little fuss made about it. Hero is a young woman, of honourable birth so she was respected from birth, however when it is thought that she is no longer a virgin, almost everyone turns on her except for her cousin Beatrice and her maid Margaret. Beatrice persuades Benedick of Heros innocence but it takes the Friar and even a full confession from Borachio, Conrade and Margaret before Leonato and his brother Antonio are persuaded. This demonstrates the damage that could be inflicted by even the slightest suspicion of inappropriate or dishonourable behaviour during the sixteenth century. Having said that this only happened in Shakespeares time, if you compare the characters reactions to the accusations in the play to the likely reactions of an Islamic or Muslim family today, then there would be very little difference, young women in Islam are still very much considered inferior to the men and are therefore in more danger of having false accusations thrown at them and there being tragic repercussions from it. Anoth er similarity to modern day life is the fact that had Hero been a man, then not only could she have denied the accusations of her being unfaithful but, had she wanted to, she could have owned to them and probably improved her social status by doing so, this outcome applies to the era the play is set in but also very much so in the present day. There are even prejudices and biases between classes in the play, not just between sexes. Margaret and Hero are both unfaithful in the play, however truthfully Hero is only thought to be, Margaret is seen making love to her lover, Don Johns man Borachio at Heros window: DON PEDRO: I am sorry you must hear:upon mine honour, Myself, my brother, and this grieved Count Did see her, hear her, at that hour last night, Talk with a ruffian at her chamber window, Who hath indeed most like a liberal villain, Confessd the vile encounters they have had A thousand times in secret. (4.1.79.8-15) When everyone thinks it was Hero who was seen, they are all in an uproar about it but when it is discovered that it was not Hero but her maid Margaret, nobody bats an eye that she is not a virgin because she is of a lower class and almost expected to do things so sinful as make love to a man whom she is not married to. The works of Shakespeare are unusual in the fact that many of his plays breech the typical morals and views of the people of his time. His plays, in particular his comedies, often show authority figures in a bad light. Not all authority figures but almost always the heads of families: the Lords Montague and Capulet in Rromeo and Juliet (a tragedy) are shown as quite tyrannical because their hatred for each other makes them disregard their own childrens feelings which leads to the suicide of Romeo and Juliet and the murder of Mercuchio and Tybalt. In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare shows every authority figure in a bad light except for the Friar who, aside from Beatrice, is the only one who believes in Heros innocent the whole time. The others however, do not fare so well. Leonato and Antonio are more inclined to believe the words of three men whom they hardly know than those of their niece and daughter, and Leonato even says that he would rather Hero was dead than have to live with the shame shes supposedly brought on them all. Don Pedro, who is the Prince of Arragon, having just fought a war against his brother John and therefore knowing his intentions are likely to be less than that of a concerned companion, believes John when he says that Hero is unfaithful to Claudio, although in fairness, he does think that he himself witnessed it as well. As for Claudio, he is shown as naà ¯Ã ¿Ã ½ve, gullible and fickle. At first he adores Hero and enlists Don Pedro to woo her for him, then when the idea is planted in his head by none other than Don John, that Pedro is only wooing Hero for himself, Claudio turns against his best friend JOHN: you are very near my brother in his love, he is enamourd on Hero(2.1.40.18-19) BEATRICE: The Count is neither sad, nor sick, nor merry, nor well: but civil Count, civil as an orage, and something of that jealous complexion, (2.1.44.13-15) then when he is told that Pedro was wooing her for him, Claudio reconciles himself to Don Pedro again and resumes his position as lap-dog. DON PEDRO: here Claudio, I have wooed in thy name, and fair Hero is won. (2.1.44.18-19) CLAUDIO: Lady, as you are mine, I am yours, I give away myself for you, and dote upon the exchange. (2.1.44.27-29) In conclusion and having studied briefly other works by William Shakespeare, it is my opinion that on the whole Shakespeare did not agree with many of the morals, prejudices or opinions held by his peers. In particular, I believe that he did not share the general opinion of male superiority, or at least not as much as others did. I believe this because almost every one of his plays features a strong willed and dominant woman, in this case Beatrice, who ends up happy. He also portrays a downtrodden or submissive woman, in this case Hero, who, at some point in the course of the play gets beaten down and defeated, whether metaphorically (Hero) or quite literally as in The Taming Of The Shrew, Kate who begins as a fiery young woman much like Beatrice who marries a man she does not love and finishes the play with a disturbing monologue about a womans job being to obey her Lord completely and never fight with him or nag him. Finally Juliet, in Romeo and Juliet who, believing her love for h er new husband to be pointless because of their warring families decides to run away with Romeo rather than stand and defend their marriage to their parents, this in my opinion misguided decision leads to both their deaths. I also think that Shakespeare felt that honour and dishonour are not things which one can be born with, rather they must be earned by ones lifes deeds, or misdeeds as the case may be. He also seems to be very judgmntal of his own sex as the bards song in the play clearly shows that Shakespeare was less than content with the way men treated women in his time and that he thought women were certainly the fairer sex: Sigh no more ladies, sigh no more, Men were decievers ever, One foot in sea, and on on shore, To one thing constant never, The sigh not so, but let them go, And be you blithe and bonny, Converting all your sounds of woe Into Hey Nonny Nonny! Victoria Holland 11BM Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-30913659985172977212020-03-11T05:04:00.001-07:002020-03-11T05:04:02.577-07:00Free Essays on ShiseidoCASE #14 SHISEIDO COMPANY DECISION FOCUS: Shiseido was founded by Yushin Fukuhara as Japanââ¬â¢s first Western-style pharmacy in 1872, and has shifted back and forth from cosmetics and pharmacy. Established in the Ginza district in Tokyo in 1872, Shiseido is today a global manufacturing and sales corporation in the fields of cosmetics, salons, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, and nutritional products. After inaugurating its global business with sales to Taiwan in 1957, Shiseido began marketing to Europe in 1963 and to the United States in 1965. In Japan, Shiseido has long been considered an important force in the arts through its product designs and advertisements, which were originally overseen by the companyââ¬â¢s first president, Shinzo Fukuhara. In 1987, the grandson of the founder took over as president. The same year Shiseido announced a 6 percent decrease in sales and a write-off in inventory of $239 million. In 1998 product mix consisted of cosmetics (74%), toiletries (16%), and other businesses (10%). They began to streamline domestic cosmetics lines to reduce inventory, eliminating products with a consistent turnover, while developing new technology and items. Shiseidoââ¬â¢s management policies are embodied in its ââ¬Å"Global No. 1â⬠long-term vision, Shiseido identified three goals: technological excellence, diversified operations, and customer satisfaction. The company uses techniques like brand marketing, store marketing, and area marketing. To prepare itself for a more crowded domestic market, Shiseido is aiming for further overseas expansion, an area in which the company should pay more attention, given that its current foreign sales is only 15 percent of total income. Shiseido is planning to expand its foreign operations and increase its net foreign sales to as much as 25 percent of the total in the fiscal year 2003. Alternative Choices: 1. Establish a dominant position in the domestic cosmetics market. 2.... Free Essays on Shiseido Free Essays on Shiseido CASE #14 SHISEIDO COMPANY DECISION FOCUS: Shiseido was founded by Yushin Fukuhara as Japanââ¬â¢s first Western-style pharmacy in 1872, and has shifted back and forth from cosmetics and pharmacy. Established in the Ginza district in Tokyo in 1872, Shiseido is today a global manufacturing and sales corporation in the fields of cosmetics, salons, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, and nutritional products. After inaugurating its global business with sales to Taiwan in 1957, Shiseido began marketing to Europe in 1963 and to the United States in 1965. In Japan, Shiseido has long been considered an important force in the arts through its product designs and advertisements, which were originally overseen by the companyââ¬â¢s first president, Shinzo Fukuhara. In 1987, the grandson of the founder took over as president. The same year Shiseido announced a 6 percent decrease in sales and a write-off in inventory of $239 million. In 1998 product mix consisted of cosmetics (74%), toiletries (16%), and other businesses (10%). They began to streamline domestic cosmetics lines to reduce inventory, eliminating products with a consistent turnover, while developing new technology and items. Shiseidoââ¬â¢s management policies are embodied in its ââ¬Å"Global No. 1â⬠long-term vision, Shiseido identified three goals: technological excellence, diversified operations, and customer satisfaction. The company uses techniques like brand marketing, store marketing, and area marketing. To prepare itself for a more crowded domestic market, Shiseido is aiming for further overseas expansion, an area in which the company should pay more attention, given that its current foreign sales is only 15 percent of total income. Shiseido is planning to expand its foreign operations and increase its net foreign sales to as much as 25 percent of the total in the fiscal year 2003. Alternative Choices: 1. Establish a dominant position in the domestic cosmetics market. 2.... Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-90533390387403627952020-02-23T19:28:00.001-08:002020-02-23T19:28:03.432-08:00Unit 6 Case Management Discussion Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsUnit 6 Management Discussion - Case Study Example The client was unusually perfect and smartly dressed. On the aspect of personality assessment, the client was apparently guarded in his responses. With respect to Summers (2012), the client remained significantly conservative and evasive, with minimum contributions accompanied by a substantial degree of suspicion. The client also appears awkward in behavior and posturing. He displayed consistent impairment in holding inappropriate sitting postures. The client was anxious throughout the entire diagnosis. During conversations, he appeared distressed and worried by the interview setting. Apart from anxiety, the client also showed significant degrees of emotional withdrawal. He was unexpressive and displayed no sign of change in moods and emotions. According to Summers (2012), this could be seen from the consistent and blunt facial expression of the client throughout the interview. Based on results from the mental status exam, numerous syndromes were established within the clientââ¬â¢s mental problem. One symptom is that the client remained blunt and unexpressive for fear of being embarrassed or humiliated by his inappropriate actions. He also displayed elevated self-consciousness by dressing in an unusually smart manner. Summers (2012) say that additional clinical symptoms include the clientââ¬â¢s display of extreme worry of being judged by other on what he says. In this regard, he remained rather guarded and evasive during the interview. The clientââ¬â¢s sustained and inappropriate sitting postures suggests impairment in physical aspects when placed within a social Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-27605358522781927302020-02-07T12:15:00.001-08:002020-02-07T12:15:03.412-08:00How can Amazon Web Services (AWS) reduce cost in the healthcare Term PaperHow can Amazon Web Services (AWS) reduce cost in the healthcare industry - Term Paper Example Additionally, the ever rising healthcare costs are one more concern that needs to be dealt with and also improving the quality of service to patients. Efforts are being made to try and reduce for patients and information technology acting as the primary enabler for this. It will be quite interesting to observe how these services will contribute towards and address these matters in the health industry. The aim of this paper is to discover the present-day state and trending of these services in the healthcare industry. Problem identification and definition Healthcare organizations and hospitals are experiencing difficult times, having to cope with increasing service and product demands within their inadequate budgets, while at the same time complying with healthcare restructurings and regulations. For all the inventions transforming the healthcare business, there is still one area where it remains nearly universally late; the application of information technology. Most healthcare syste ms are based on analogue workflows which comprises of paper-based health records, duplicated test results, and handwritten note which are usually inefficient and inconvenient in one way or another. As a result, information retrieval and updating remains slow, this in turn, leads to incompetent provision of treatment and patient care (Bower, 2012). Problem solution Amazon Web Services (also known as AWS) is a pool of remote computing services (that are also referred to as web services) that all together form a cloud computing platform and services, accessible over the Internet via Amazon.com (Tyrrell, 2009). Amazon Web Services provide a complete set of application services and infrastructure that enable one to run virtually anything in the cloud: this represents everything from big data projects and enterprise applications to mobile apps and social games. These services, to name a few include: the amazon simple storage services known as S3: Amazon S3 offers an extremely durable and accessible store for an assortment of content, extending from media files to web applications. It lets you offload your whole storage arrangement onto the cloud, where you can gain from Amazon S3ââ¬â¢s pay-as-you-go pricing and scalability to manage your growing storage needs, distributing your content straight from Amazon S3. Another important service is the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, EC2, which allows the renting of virtual computers to, different users, which to run their personal computer applications. A user can launch, create and terminate server instances paying for the services by the hour therefore the term elastic. Another valuable amazon service is the database storage which enables users to store and access large amounts of data. Whether one is keeping pharmaceutical data for scrutiny and analysis, fiscal data for pricing and computation, photographs for resizing, S3 is the best location for storage of original content. One can then send these contents to EC2 for r esizing, computation, or other large scale analytics without sustaining any data transfer charges for transferring the data between the services. (Soman, 2011 Pp. 78) There is a lot of conversation on Amazon web services and how these services could be used in a way to benefit healthcare practices. The healthcare industry, through Amazon Web Services, is able to reduce costs, improve care, and realize business suppleness amongst other Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-79484518245348307552020-01-29T08:28:00.001-08:002020-01-29T08:28:02.933-08:00Keeping Up with the Joneses Essay Example for Free Keeping Up with the Joneses Essay Society has many effects on the narrator in ââ¬Å"Two Kindsâ⬠and Madame Loisel in ââ¬Å"The Necklaceâ⬠. Whether it is helping us achieve feats or our actions in public, we can be affected both negatively and positively. In the short story ââ¬Å"The Necklaceâ⬠Madame Loisel is dirt poor. When her husband, a simple Clerk, comes home holding a white envelope which says ââ¬Å"The Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Ramponneau beg M. and Mme. Loisel to do them the honor of attending an evening reception at the Ministerial Mansion. Madame Loisel tries her best to look as good as she can at the reception. She even borrows a necklace to look her best at the reception, this is because of how society expects us to look our best and dress up on occasion. In the other short story, Two Kinds, Ni Kanââ¬â¢s mother wants her to be something she doesnââ¬â¢t want her to be. Whether it was opening a restaurant, working for the government, or even building a house to sell it and make a profit. She basically wants her to become a prodigy, which is highly unlikely. My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open a restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could buy a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous. Of course, you can be a prodigy, too, my mother told me when I was nine. â⬠Her mother wants her to become a prodigy because of how society has ââ¬Å"moldedâ⬠her thoughts and actions. He r daughter, she is only best tricky, you can be best anything. What does Auntie Lindo know? For example, her mother forces her to learn the piano, which doesnââ¬â¢t work out very well ââ¬Å"Three days after watching the Ed Sullivan Show my mother told me what my schedule would be for piano lessons and piano practice. She had talked to Mr. Chong â⬠In both positive and negative ways society has affected me in many aspects of my life, society has affected how I look, how I do in school, what I want to become after High-School, what I say, how I perform in sports. In conclusion, society in a whole affects everyone, everywhere, every day in every way. This concludes my essay. Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-52081528346245791262020-01-21T04:52:00.001-08:002020-01-21T04:52:02.362-08:00Europeans And Aborigines In The 1700s Essay -- Australia Australian HEuropean ships chiefly began sailing into southern Australian waters in the 18th century. These left human cargoes behind and, unlike earlier visitors, had an immediate impact on the Aborigines, who suffered interference with their economy and lifestyle as the colonists sought and secured for themselves good sources of water, sheltered positions, and access to fishââ¬âall of which were also vital to Aboriginal people. The perception that Australia was quietly ââ¬Å"settledâ⬠without conflict with the Aboriginal people, an idea that, it has been argued, enabled the concept of ââ¬Å"terra nulliusâ⬠to be maintained, has been substantially revised in recent years. It is now generally acknowledged that resistance took place right from the first tentative encroachments by European nations into Australian waters. The Dutch sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and one Dutch sailor was killed by the Tjungundji (whose hero was the warrior Sivirri). Another Dutch ship visited the area in 1623, but in attempting to kidnap people was met by 200 warriors who drove the sailors away. James Cook, in spite of the popular misconception, also met with some resistance in Botany Bay. Two Tharawal men, after sending away the women and children, stood firm against Cookââ¬â¢s landing. According to Cookââ¬â¢s account of the incident: ââ¬Å"We then threw them some nails, beads etc. ashore which th ey took up and seemââ¬â¢d not ill pleased in so much that I thought that they beckoned to us to come ashore, but in this we were much mistaken, for as soon as we put the boat in they again came to oppose us upon which I fired a musket between the two which had no other effect than to make them retire back where bundles of their darts lay, and one of them took up a stone and threw at us w... ..., and movement controls and restriction of ceremonies meant that Aboriginal people were much more isolated from each other than they had been before. This, together with the influences and impact of European culture, resulted in the development of new artistic styles. In some areas gospel music with a uniquely Aboriginal (or Torres Strait Islander) flavour was written and performed, in others country-and-western music or blues styles developed. More recently have come rock music and modern dance groups such as Bangarra. From the 1950s, new materials and styles came to be used in the visual arts, including watercolours, acrylic paints, pottery, photography, landscape, abstract art, and sculpture. These also reflected the radical changes in lifestyle and economy resulting from permanent European settlement, although the effect varied considerably across the continent. Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-18109901379608792262020-01-13T01:15:00.001-08:002020-01-13T01:15:03.913-08:00Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 17Well, she wasn't telling humans anything-but she did defy the authority of the Night World,â⬠Ash said in his most lazy, careless voice. Quinn said succinctly, ââ¬Å"How?â⬠It was late Monday afternoon and the sun was streaming through the western windows of the Burdock farmhouse. Ash was wearing a brand-new shirt bought at the Briar Creek general store, a turtleneckwith long sleeves that covered the almost-healedscars on his throat and arms. His jeans werebleached white, his hair was combed over the scabon the back of his head, and he was playing the scene of his life. ââ¬Å"She knew about a rogue werewolf and didn't tell.anybody about him.â⬠ââ¬Å"So she was a traitor. And what did you do?â⬠Ash shrugged. ââ¬Å"Staked her.â⬠Quinn laughed out loud. ââ¬Å"No, really,â⬠Ash said earnestly, looking intoQuinn's face with what he knew were wide, guileless eyes-probably blue. ââ¬Å"See?â⬠Without taking his eyes from Quinn's he whipped a pink-and-green country quilt off the bundle on the couch. Quinn's eyebrows flew upward. He stared for a moment at Aunt Opal, who had been cleaned so that you'd never know she'd ever been buried, and who had the picket stake carefully replaced in her chest. Quinn actually swallowed. It was the first time Ash had ever seen him falter. ââ¬Å"You really did it,â⬠he said. There was reluctant respect in his voice-and definite shock. You know, Quinn, I don't think you're quite as tough as you pretend. After all, no matter how you try to act like an Elder, you're only eighteen. And you'll always be eighteen, and next year maybe I'll be older. ââ¬Å"Well,â⬠Quinn said, blinking rapidly. ââ¬Å"Well. Well___ I have to hand it to you.â⬠ââ¬Å"Yeah, I just decided the best thing to do was cleanup the whole situation. She was getting on, you know.â⬠Quinn's dark eyes widened fractionally. ââ¬Å"I have toadmit -I didn't think you were that ruthless.â⬠ââ¬Å"You've gotta do what you've gotta do. For the family honor, of course.â⬠Quinn cleared his throat. ââ¬Å"So-what about thewerewolf?â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh, I took care of that, too.â⬠Ash meandered over and whipped a brown-and-white quilt off Exhibit B. The wolf was a charred and contorted corpse. It had given Mary-Lynnette hysterics when Ash insisted on pulling it out of the car, and Quinn's nostrils quivered when he looked at it. ââ¬Å"Sorry, it does smell like burnt hair, doesn't it? Igot a little sooty myself, keeping him in the fireâ⬠¦.â⬠ââ¬Å"You burned himalive?â⬠ââ¬Å"Well, it is one of the traditional methodsâ⬠¦.â⬠â⬠Just put the blanket back, all right?â⬠Ash put the blanket back. ââ¬Å"So, you see, everything's taken care of. No humans involved, no extermination necessary.â⬠ââ¬Å"Yes, all right â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Quinn's eyes were still on the quilt. Ash decided the moment was right. ââ¬Å"And by the way, it turns out the girls had aperfectly legitimate reason for coming. They just wanted to learn to hunt. Nothing illegal about that,is there?â⬠ââ¬Å"What? Oh. No.â⬠Quinn glanced at Aunt Opal, then finally looked back at Ash. ââ¬Å"So they're coming back now that they've learned it.â⬠ââ¬Å"Well, eventually. They haven't quite learned it yetâ⬠¦ so they're staying.â⬠ââ¬Å"They'restaying?â⬠â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠Right. Look, I'm the head of the familyon the West Coast, aren't I? And I say they're staying.â⬠ââ¬Å"Ashâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"It's about time there was a Night World outpost in this area, don't you think? You see what's happened without one. You get families of outlaw werewolves wandering around. Somebody's got to stay here and hold down the fort.â⬠ââ¬Å"Ash â⬠¦ you couldn't payNight People to strand themselves out here. Nothing but animals to feed on, nobody but humans to associate with â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ââ¬Å"Yeah, it's a dirty job, but someone's got to do it.Besides, wasn't it you who said it's not good living your whole life isolated on an island?â⬠Quinn stared at him, then said, ââ¬Å"Well, I don't thinkthis is much better.â⬠ââ¬Å"Then it serves my sisters right. Maybe in a few years they'll appreciate the island more. Then theycan hand the job over to someone else.â⬠ââ¬Å"Ash â⬠¦ no one else is going to comehere.â⬠ââ¬Å"Well.â⬠With the battle won, and Quinn simplylooking dazed and as if he wanted to get back to LosAngeles as fast as possible, Ash allowed himself a small measure of truth. ââ¬Å"I might come visit them someday,â⬠he said. ââ¬Å"He did a beautiful job,â⬠Rowan said that evening. ââ¬Å"We heard it all from the kitchen. You would have loved it.â⬠Mary-Lynnette smiled. ââ¬Å"Quinn can't wait to get away,â⬠Jade said, in tertwining her fingers with Mark's. Kestrel said to Ash, ââ¬Å"I'd just like to be around when you explain all this to Dad.â⬠ââ¬Å"That's funny,â⬠Ash said. ââ¬Å"I feel just the opposite.â⬠Everyone laughed-except Mary-Lynnette. The big farm kitchen was warm and bright, but the windowswere darkening. She couldn't see anything in the gathering darkness-in the last two days the effects of her blood exchange had faded. Her senses were ordinary human senses again. ââ¬Å"You're sure you won't get in trouble?â⬠sheasked Ash. ââ¬Å"No. I'll tell our dad the truth-mostly. That anoutlaw werewolf killed Aunt Opal and that I killed the werewolf. And that the girls are better off here,hunting quietly and watching out for other rogues. There's sure to be some record of the Lovett fam ilyâ⬠¦. Dad can check out the history all he wants.â⬠ââ¬Å"A whole family of outlaw werewolves,â⬠Kestrel said musingly. ââ¬Å"Ofcrazy werewolves,â⬠Ash said. ââ¬Å"They were as dangerous to the Night World as any vampire hunters could be. God knows how long they've beenhere-long enough for their land to get named Mad Dog Creek.â⬠ââ¬Å"And for people to mistake them for Sasquatch,â⬠Mark said. Rowan's brown eyes were troubled. ââ¬Å"And it wasmy fault that you didn't know,â⬠she said to MaryLynnette. ââ¬Å"I told you-he couldn't be the killer. I'm sorry.â⬠Mary-Lynnette captured her gaze and held it. ââ¬Å"Rowan, you arenotgoing to feel guilty for this. You couldn't have realized. He wasn't killing for food like a normal werewolf. He was killing to protect his territory-and to scare us.â⬠ââ¬Å"And it might have worked,â⬠Mark said. ââ¬Å"Exceptthat you guys didn't have anywhere else to go.â⬠Ash looked at Mark, then at his sisters. ââ¬Å"I have a question. Is the territory around here going to be enough foryou?â⬠ââ¬Å"Of course,â⬠Rowan said, with gentle surprise. ââ¬Å"We don't always need tokill the animals,â⬠Jade said. ââ¬Å"We're getting it down pat now. We can take a little here and a little there. Heck, we can even trythe goat. ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"I'd rather try Tiggy,â⬠Kestrel said, and for a moment her golden eyes glimmered. Mary-Lynnette didn't say it, but she wondered sometimes about Kestrel. If maybe, someday, Kestrel might need a bigger territory of her own. She was a lot like Jeremy in some ways. Beautiful, ruthless, single-minded. A true Night Person. ââ¬Å"And what about you?â⬠Ash said, looking at mark. ââ¬Å"Me? Uhâ⬠¦ Well, when you get down to it, I'm kind of a hamburger guyâ⬠¦.â⬠ââ¬Å"I tried to take him hunting last night,â⬠Jade interpreted. ââ¬Å"You know, just to show him. But he threw up.â⬠ââ¬Å"I didn't actually-ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"Yes, you did,â⬠Jade said calmly and cheerfully. Mark looked away. Mary-Lynnette noticed they didn't stop holding hands. ââ¬Å"So I take it you're not going to become a vampire,â⬠Ash said to Mark. ââ¬Å"Uh, let's just say not any time soon.â⬠Ash turned to Mary-Lynnette. ââ¬Å"And what about the human end of things? Do we have that taken care of?â⬠ââ¬Å"Well, I know everything that's going on intown-by which I mean that I talked with BunnyMarten this morning. I'm so glad she's not a vampire, incidentally Mark said, ââ¬Å"I always knew itâ⬠ââ¬Å"Anyway, here's the quick version.â⬠MaryLynnette held up a finger. ââ¬Å"One, everybody knowsthat Jeremy is gone-his boss at the gas stationmissed him yesterday and went up to check the trailer. They found a lot of weird stuff there. But all they know is that he's disappeared.â⬠ââ¬Å"Good,â⬠Rowan said. Mary-Lynnette held up another finger. ââ¬Å"Two,Dad is sorry but not surprised that the stationwagon blew up. Claudine has been predicting itwould for a year.â⬠Another finger. ââ¬Å"Three, Mr. Kimble doesn't have any ideawhatkilled his horse-but now he thinks it was an animal instead of a person. Vic Kimble thinks it was maybe Sasquatch. He and Todd are very spooked and want to get out of Briar Creek forgood ââ¬Å"And let's have a moment of silence to show howwe'll miss them,â⬠Mark said solemnly, and blew a raspberry. ââ¬Å"Four,â⬠Mary-Lynnette said, holding up a fourthfinger, ââ¬Å"you girls are eventually going to have to mention that your aunt hasn't come back from her ââ¬Ëvacation.' But I thinkyou can wait awhile. Nobody comes out here so nobody will notice she's gone. And I think we can bury her and Jeremy safely. Even if somebody finds them, what have they got? A mummy that looks about a thousand years old and a wolf. They won't be able to connect them to the missing people.â⬠ââ¬Å"Poor old Aunt Opal,â⬠Jade said, still cheerful.â⬠But she helped us in the end, didn't she?â⬠Mary-Lynnette looked at her. Yes, there it is, shethought. The silver in the eyes when you laugh about death. Jade is a true Night Person, too. ââ¬Å"She did help. And I'm going to miss her,â⬠she said out loud. Kestrel said, ââ¬Å"So everything is taken care of.â⬠ââ¬Å"Seems like it.â⬠Ash hesitated. ââ¬Å"And Quinn is waiting down the road. I_ told him it would only takea couple hours to finish making arrangements and say goodbye.â⬠There was a silence. ââ¬Å"I'll see you off,â⬠Mary-Lynnette said at last. They went together to the front door. When theywere outside in the twilight Ash shut the door be hind them. ââ¬Å"You still can come with me, you know.â⬠ââ¬Å"With you and Quinn?â⬠ââ¬Å"I'll send him away. Or I'll go and come back tomorrow and get you. Or I'll come back and stayâ⬠¦.â⬠ââ¬Å"You need to go tell your father about this. Make everything right with him, so it's safe for your sisters. You knowthat.â⬠ââ¬Å"Well, I'll come back afterthat,â⬠Ash said, with an edge of desperation to his voice. Mary-Lynnette looked away. The sun was gone. Looking east, the sky was already the darkest purple imaginable. Almost black. Even as she watched, a starcame out. Or-not a star. Jupiter. ââ¬Å"I'm not ready yet. I wish I were.â⬠ââ¬Å"No, you don't,â⬠Ash said, and he was right, of course. She'd known ever since she sat there by theroad, crying while her car burned. And althoughshe'd thought and thought about it since then, sitting in her darkened room, there was nothing she coulddo to change her own mind. She would never be a vampire. She just wasn't cutout for it. She couldn't do the things vampires hadto do-and stay sane. She wasn't like Jade or Kestrelor even Rowan with her pale sinewy feet and her instinctive love of the hunt. She'd looked into the heart of the Night World . . .and she couldn't join it. ââ¬Å"I don't want you to be like that,â⬠Ash said. ââ¬Å"Iwant you to be likeyou. ââ¬Å" Without looking at him, Mary-Lynnette said, ââ¬Å"Butwe're not kids. We can't be like Jade and Mark, and just hold hands and giggle and never think about the future.â⬠ââ¬Å"No, we're only soulmates, that's all. We're onlydestined to be together foreverâ⬠¦.â⬠ââ¬Å"If we've got forever, then you can give me time,â⬠Mary-Lynnette said. ââ¬Å"Go back and' wander a little. Take a look at the Night World and make sure youwant to give it up ââ¬Å"I know that already.â⬠ââ¬Å"Take a look at humans and make sure you wantto be tied to one of them.â⬠ââ¬Å"And think about the things I've done to humans, maybe?â⬠Mary-Lynnette looked at him directly. ââ¬Å"Yes.â⬠He looked away. ââ¬Å"All right. I admit it. I've got a lot to make up forâ⬠¦.â⬠Mary-Lynnette knew it. He'd thought of humansas vermin-and food. The things she'd seen in hismind made her not want to picture more. ââ¬Å"Then make up for what you can,â⬠she said, although she didn't dare really hope that he would. ââ¬Å"Take time to do that. And giveme time to finish growing up. I'm still in high school, Ash.â⬠ââ¬Å"You'll be out in a year. I'll come back then.â⬠ââ¬Å"It may be too soon.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know. I'll come back anyway.â⬠He smiled ironically. ââ¬Å"And in the meantime I'll fight dragons, just like any knight for his lady. I'll prove myself. You'll be proud of me.â⬠Mary-Lynnette's throat hurt. Ash's smile disappeared. They just stood looking at each other. It was the obvious time for a kiss. Instead, they just stood staring like hurt kids, and then one ofthem moved and they were holding on to each other. Mary-Lynnette held on tighter and tighter, her face buried in Ash's shoulder. Ash, who seemed to have lost it altogether, was raining kisses on the back of her neck, saying, ââ¬Å"I wish I were a human. I wishI were.â⬠ââ¬Å"No, you don't,â⬠Mary-Lynnette said, seriously unsteady because of the kisses. ââ¬Å"I do. I do.â⬠But it wouldn't help, and Mary-Lynnette knew he knew it. The problem wasn't simply what he was, it was what he'd done-and what he was going to do. He'd seen too much of the dark side of life to be a normal person. His nature was already formed, and she wasn't sure he could fight it. ââ¬Å"Believe in me,â⬠he said, as if he could hear her. Mary-Lynnette couldn't say yes or no. So she did the only thing she could do-she lifted her head. Hislips were in the right place to meet hers. The electric sparks weren't painful anymore, she discovered? and the pink haze could be quite wonderful. For a time everything was warm and sweet and strangelypeaceful. And then, behind them, somebody knocked on thedoor. Mary-Lynnette and Ash jumped and separated.They looked at each other, startled, emotions still tooraw, and then Mary-Lynnette realized where she was. She laughed and so did Ash. ââ¬Å"Come out,â⬠they said simultaneously. Mark and Jade came out. Rowan and Kestrel werebehind them. They all stood on the porch-avoiding the hole. They all smiled at Ash and Mary-Lynnette in a way that made Mary-Lynnette blush. ââ¬Å"Goodbye,â⬠she said firmly to Ash. He looked at her for a long moment, then looked at the road behind him. Then he turned to go. Mary-Lynnette watched him, blinking away tears.She still couldn't let herself believe in him. But there was no harm in hoping, was there? In wishing. Evenif wishes almost never came trueâ⬠¦. Jade gasped. ââ¬Å"Look!â⬠They all saw it, and Mary-Lynnette felt her heartjump violently. A bolt of light was streaking acrossthe darkness in the northeast. Not a little wimpyshooting star-a brilliant green meteor that crossedhalf the sky, showering sparks. It was right above Ash's path, as if lighting his way. A late Perseid. The last of the summer meteors. But it seemed like a blessing. ââ¬Å"Quick, quick, wish,â⬠Mark was telling Jade eagerly. ââ¬Å"A wish on that star you gotta get.â⬠Mary-Lynnette glanced at his excited face, at theway his eyes shone with excitement. Beside him, Jade was clapping, her own eyes wide with delight. I'm so glad you're happy, Mary-Lynnette thought. My wish for you came true. So now maybe I can wish for myself. I wish â⬠¦ I wish â⬠¦ Ash turned around and smiled at her. ââ¬Å"See you next year,â⬠he said. ââ¬Å"With slain dragons!â⬠He started down the weed-strewn path to the road. For a moment, in the deep violet twilight, he didlook to Mary-Lynnette like a knight walking off ona quest. A knight-errant with shining blond hair and no weapons, going off into a very dark and dangerous wilderness. Then he turned around and walked backward, waving, which ruined the effect. Everyone shouted goodbyes. Mary-Lynnette could feel them around her, her brother and her three blood-sisters, all radiating warmth and support. Playful Jade. Fierce Kestrel. Wise and gentle Rowan. And Mark, who wasn't sullen and solitary anymore. Tiggy wound himselfaround her ankles, purring amiably. ââ¬Å"Even when we're apart, we'll be looking at the same sky!â⬠Ash yelled. ââ¬Å"What a line,â⬠Mary-Lynnette called back. But hewas right. The sky would be there for both of them.She'd alwaysknow hewas out there somewhere,looking up at it in wonder. Just knowing that was important. And she was clear on who she was at last. Shewas Mary-Lynnette, and someday she'd discover a supernova or a comet or a black hole, but she'd doit as a human. And Ash would come back next year. And she would always love the night. [The End] Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-55440295354036497142020-01-04T21:37:00.001-08:002020-01-04T21:37:04.215-08:00The Meaning of Statutes Example For Free - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2794 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Where the meaning of Statutes cannot be determined LIST OF CASES 1). V.N.Shrikhande vs Anita Sena Fernandes (2011) 1 SCC 53 2). Parmanand v. State of Haryana Ors. (2012) 3). Sarah Mathew v. The Institute of Cardio Vascular Diseases State (2013) 4). HM Rajappa v. Director of Agriculture Marketing (2013) 5). Arul Nadar v. Authorised Officer, Land Reforms (1998) 7 SCC 157 6). R.S. Nayak v. A.R. Antulay AIR 1984 SC 684 7). Golaknath v. State of Punjab 1967 AIR 1643 8). Shankari Prasad v. Union of India AIR. 1951 SC 458 TABLE OF CONTENT Sr. No. CHAPTERS/TOPICS Pg. No. 1. Principle and Concept 7 2. Position and Growth of the Concept 9 3. Analysis and Application of Law with Case Laws Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Meaning of Statutes Example For Free" essay for you Create order Instruments to examine statutes Criticism Conclusion 12 4. References 18 CHAPTER 1: PRINCIPLE CONCEPT Statutory Interpretation is the route of interpreting and applying the laws to decide cases. In a way, it is considered to be the most paramount theory-based method which is necessary when the cases involve confusing and ambiguous aspects of the statute. Normally, the words used in the statues have plain and nave meaning. But there are certain cases wherein there is some sort of ambiguity in the text of the statutes which the judge has to make his mind up. Ambiguity and vagueness occurs in the legislations because of the basic nature of language. The purpose of interpreting the statutes is to know the intention of the legislature that are conveyed specifically or impliedly in the language used. But sometimes it also happens that the language used can be interpreted with multiple meanings that is to say each word in the plain text has more than one meaning and this will depend upon the judge that in what sense he interprets. What ordinary thinking says is that in cases where the words have more than one meaning, in those cases the judiciary must interpret in a way the legislature intents. Statutes are sometimes vague sufficiently to carry more than one interpretation. In such cases, the courts have the liberty to interpret statutes themselves. And also, when court interprets the statute in its own way, the other courts will not take the pain to repeat that, but instead they will enforce the statutes as interpreted by the courts previously. So, here the object of interpretation is not achieved because there is no uniqueness left in interpreting the legislations. Mostly it also happens that the statute consist of same words and same meaning; in such cases it is necessary to see to it that if one construction guides to an ambiguity while another giving result to what ordinary thinking would show was evidently intended, the structure which would defeat the ends of the Act must be discarded even if similar words used in the sa me provision and even in the same sentence have to be read in a different way. To summarize the above point it must be noted that the intention of legislature has to be seen. What legislature wants to convey or intents that must be the ultimate goal while interpreting any statute. Furthermore, another essential corner which needs to be filled is in the case of Homographs. In homograph, the words are same but meanings are different. In a same way, if such words are used in the interpretations, then the judge must use the most preferred meaning to avoid any absurdity and vagueness in the interpretations. If the word only has one meaning, but by applying this would lead to a bad decision, the judge is at his own discretion to give a completely different meaning. Hence, in this project I will be explaining more about the ambiguity in language and words which is a cause of failure in obtaining the meaning of the statutes along with the rules of statutory constructions and various c ase laws. CHAPTER 2: POSITION OF THE CONCEPT While interpreting the Statutes Understanding of statute is the methodology of finding out the accurate significance of the words utilized within a statute. At the point when the dialect of the statute is clear, there is no need for the principles of understanding. Yet, in specific cases, more than one importance may be inferred from the same word or sentence. It is accordingly important to translate the statute to discover the true expectation of the statute. We can say, elucidation of Statutes is needed for two essential reasons viz. to find out: à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Administrative Language Legislative dialect may be confounded for a layman, and consequently may oblige translation; and à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Administrative Intent The plan of governing body or Legislative expectation absorbs two angles: i. the idea of significance, i.e., what the saying methods; and ii. The idea of purpose and object invading through the statu te. Necessity of interpretation would arise only where the language of a statutory provision is ambiguous, not clear or where two views are possible or where the provision gives a different meaning defeating the object of the statute.[1] The Supreme Court in R.S. Nayak v. A.R. Antulay[2] stated that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âif the words of the Statute are clear and unambiguous, it is the plainest duty of the Court to give effect to the natural meaning of the words used in the provision. The question of construction arises only in the event of an ambiguity or the plain meaning of the words used in the Statute would be self defeating.à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã (Para 18 of the Judgment) The motivation behind Interpretation of Statutes is to help the Judge to discover the plan of the Legislature à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" not to control that plan or to keep it to the limits, which the Judge may consider sensible or practical. There are certain points which have to be kept in mind while interpreting: Statutes must be studied as whole. Statute should be Construed so as to make it Effective and Workable if statutory provision is ambiguous and capable of various constructions, then that construction must be adopted which will give meaning and effect to the other provisions of the enactment rather than that which will give none.[3] The process of construction combines both the literal and purposive approaches. The purposive construction rule highlights that you should shift from literal construction when it leads to absurdity.[4] There are many aids to construction of a statute, and these aids are only used when the meaning of the particular statute is not determined. If the provision is clear and understandable, and if from that provision the legislative plan is clear, the other rules of creation of statutes need not be called into aid. They are called into aid only when the legislative purpose is ambiguous. But the courts would not be justified in so straining the language of the statutory provision as to ascribe the meaning which cannot be warranted by the words employed by the Legislature.[5] Similar words, similar meaning Where a Legislature uses same expression in the same statute at two places or more, then the same interpretation should be given to that expression unless the situation otherwise requires. If one construction will lead to an ambiguity while another will give effect to what common sense would show was obviously intended, the construction which would defeat the ends of the Act mus t be rejected even if same words used in the same section and even in the same sentence have to be construed differently.[6] This is a very common problem while interpreting the words of the statute and for eradication of such problems, some necessary aids are also created so that the objective of the Acts is not defeated by these confusion. Hence, these principles of knowing the intention of legislature are: Literal construction, Mischief rule, Golden Rule, construction to avoid invalidity of the Acts (by giving sensible meaning to them) and so on. CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS APPLICATION OF LAW WITH CASE LAWS Instruments to examine Statutes There are a few devices that can be helpful to focus the importance of a questionable statute, or to pick between different plausible understandings of the same statute. A). Plain Meaning (Literal Construction) The plain significance guideline directs that statutes are to be deciphered utilizing the common importance of the dialect of the statute. At the end of the day, a statute is to be perused word for word and is to be deciphered as stated by the common importance of the dialect, unless a statute expressly characterizes some of its terms generally or unless the effect might be savage or preposterous. Besides, some courts have stick to the principle that if the statute is free from any sort of ambiguity then there need not be any further inquiry into the statuteà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s meaning. When the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous it is not necessary to look into the legislative intent or object of the Act.[7] It is when the language is vague that the legislativeà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s intention is to be taken into consideration. Words and phrases are to be construed by the courts in their ordinary sense, and the ordinary rules of grammar and punctuation have to be applied.[8] In order to determine the literal meaning of a statute the courts have to ascertain the ordinary meaning of a word in a statute by referring to a dictionary or scientific or any other technical works where the words have been used.[9] In another case of HM Rajappa v. Director of Agriculture Marketing (2013), the High Court of Karnataka held that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âwhen the words of a statute are clear, plain or unambiguous i.e., they are reasonably susceptible to only one meaning, the courts are bound to give effect to that meaning irrespective of the consequences for, the Act speaks for itself.à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã Subsequently, in V.N.Shrikhande vs Anita Sena Fernandes[10], the Court held that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âin determining the meaning of any word or phrase in a statute the first question to be asked is `What is the natural or ordinary meaning of that word or phrase in its context in the statute? It is only when that meaning leads to some result which cannot reasonably be supposed to have been the intention of the legislature, that proper to look for some other possible meaning of the word or phrase .à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã Another feature of plain meaning concept is that if the meaning of a particular word is not given in the statute then the meaning of that word has to be given based on the circumstances and facts of the case. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Parmanand v. State of Haryana Ors. (2012) held that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âit is now well-settled principle of interpretation of statute that the words of an enactment are to be given their ordinary and natural meaning, if such meaning is clear and unambiguous. The effect should be given to a provision of a statute in the same manner whatever may be the consequences. The basis of this principle is that the object of all interpretations being to know what the legislature intended, whatever was the intention of the legislature has been expressed by it through words which are to be interpreted accordingly, because the intention of the legislature can be deduced only from the language through which it has expressed itself. If th e language of a statute is clear, the only duty of the Court is to give effect to it and the Court has no business to look into the consequences of such interpretation.à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã B). Golden Rule of Interpretation This rule has brought some modifications in the literal rule. This rule states that if the literal rule produces an absurdity, then the court should look for another meaning of the words to avoid that absurd result.[11] This rule also gives the words of statute their nave and ordinary meaning. However, when this may lead to an irrational result that is unlikely to be the legislatures intention, the judge can depart from this meaning.[12] Simply, this rule gives the permission to the courts to modify in case there is a presence of ambiguity and vagueness in the statutes. The Golden rule implies that if a strict interpretation of a statute would lead to an absurd result then the meaning of the words should be so construed so as to lead to the avoidance of such a bsurdity.[13] In Sarah Mathew v. The Institute of Cardio Vascular Diseases State (2013), the Supreme Court held that à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âGolden Rule of Interpretation provides that a statute has to be interpreted by grammatical or literal meaning unmindful of the consequences if the language of the statute is plain and simple.à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã But this rule is not that effective nowadays after it had failed to initiate its meaning in the case of Shankari Prasad v. Union of India followed by Golakhnath v. State of Punjab. Article 13(2) and Article 368 were in question. Article 13(2) provides that any law which has effect of abridging fundamental rights would be invalid. Article 368 talks about the power of parliament to amend Constitution including fundamental rights. One set of Judges held Article 368 to prevail but the majority view was Article 13(2) shall prevail as fundamental rights are important part of the Constitution. Conclusion is that golden rule fails as there is no obje ctive criteria by which one can determine whether an interpretation is absurd or not. A golden rule produce undesirable result, what is to be followed is purpose oriented method of interpretation to know the intention of legislature for enacting particular statute. Thus due to this, golden rule is not that effective. Criticisms One of the problems of literal rule is that it breeds absurdity. Once in a while the court may find out a certain intending to the statute which was never the aim of the legislature. The customary rule of literal interpretation prohibits the court to put together any meaning other than the ordinary one. If the court applies literal rule and feels that the interpretation is ethically incorrect then they cannot evade giving the interpretation. Some disapprove this rule by saying that the rule weighs on the flawed assumption that words have a fixed meaning. In fact, words are uncertain, heading judges to force their own biases to focus the significance of a statute. As long as there is no ambiguity in the statutory language, resort to any interpretative process to unfold the legislative intent becomes impermissible.[14] While applying the literal approach, some mention about the adaptation of à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"dictionary meaningà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢, but even the dictionaries have multiple meanings of the single word which again becomes very difficult for the judiciary to interpret that particular word and have to look at the facts and circumstances of the case while applying the interpretation of the meaning of that word. These are the few criticisms which are highly talked about since many years. Conclusion Literal rule of interpretation is the main rule. Under this rule of interpretation the Courts understand the statutes in an honest and ordinary sense. The Courts while interpreting statutes have to keep few things in mind. It must recognize that a provision is vague only if it contains a word or phrase which has more than one meaning. If the interpretation is open to diverse meanings in one context (situation) it is ambiguous but if it is vulnerable to different meaning in different contexts it is plain. The ability of accurate interpretation would depend on the ability to read what is stated in plain language, read à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"throughà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ the provision, examining the aim of the Legislature and call upon case laws and other aids to interpretation. And thus, in order to dismantle the absurdities from the statutes, the legislature has to step in. CHAPTER 4: REFERENCES 1). Rajkumar Adukia, Interpretation of Statutes, pg. 9, retrieved from: https://caaa.in/Image/Interpretation of Statutes.pdf 2). Alekhya Reddy, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âLiterally Interpreting the Law- A Appraisal of the Literal Rule of Interpretation in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã , Pg. 4, retrieved from: Manupatra Articles. https://manupatra.com/roundup/338/Articles/Literally interpreting the Law.pdf 3). Chapter 4: Rules of Interpretation. Retrieved from: https://hanumant.com/IOS-Unit4-RulesOfInterpretation.html 4). Katharine Clark and Matthew Connolly, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âA Guide To Reading, Interpreting and Applying Statutesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã , 2006. Retrieved from: https://www.law.georgetown.edu/academics/academic-programs/legal-writing-scholarship/writing-center/upload/statutoryinterpretation.pdf 5). Statutory Construction, Legal Information Institute (LII). Referred from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/statutory_construction 6). Justice AK Srivastava, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âInterpretation of Statutesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã , 1995, JTRI Journal, Issue-3, pg. 2, retrieved from: https://ijtr.nic.in/articles/art21.pdf Page | 1 [1] Rajkumar Adukia, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âInterpretation of Statutesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã , pg. 9, retrieved from: https://caaa.in/Image/Interpretation of Statutes.pdf [2] AIR 1984 SC 684 [3] Supra note 1 [4] Supra note 1. Pg. 10 [5] Justice AK Srivastava, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âInterpretation of Statutesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã , 1995, JTRI Journal, Issue-3, pg. 2, retrieved from: https://ijtr.nic.in/articles/art21.pdf [6] Id. [7] Arul Nadar v. Authorised Officer, Land Reforms (1998) 7 SCC 157. [8] Alekhya Reddy, à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã
âLiterally Interpreting the Law- A Appraisal of the Literal Rule of Interpretation in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã , Pg. 4, retrieved from: Manupatra Articles. [9] Id. [10] (2011) 1 SCC 53 [11] From Rules of Interpretation. Retrieved from: https://hanumant.com/IOS-Unit4-RulesOfInterpretation.html [12] Supra note 1. Pg. 15 [13] Supra note 9. [14] Supra note 6. Pg. 15 Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-67423945763671587352019-12-27T18:03:00.001-08:002019-12-27T18:03:03.556-08:00Personality Theory And Personality Theories - 1845 Words It is important for psychologists to understand the factors of personality to understand cognitive, emotional and behavioural characteristics required when treating clients. Personality is described as a range of characteristic that controls the way a person thinks, feels and acts that deliver coherence and direction in oneââ¬â¢s life. A group of theorists once said, ââ¬Å"each of us is in a certain respect like all other people, like some other people and like no other person who has lived in the past or will exist in the futureâ⬠(Kluchohn Murray, 1953). It has also been established that a person will behave slightly consistently over time in different situations. Additionally, modest stability is established from childhood personality to adultâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦There are four main trait theories that look at individualââ¬â¢s personality. The first trait theory is Gordon Allportââ¬â¢s theory, Gordon Allport sourced 4000 words from the English dictionary in which he used to describe personality traits one may hold (Hay, 1985). Gordon Allport didnââ¬â¢t explain personality in terms of the fundamental traits rather he describes a person characteristic behaviour and conscious motions. Another trait theory is Raymond Cattellââ¬â¢s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Cattell used a statistical technique called ââ¬Ëfactor analysisââ¬â¢ to arrive at 16 personality factors (Cattell, 1950). The questionnaire is used to identify patterns of behaviour in a variety of life circumstances. Due to the fact the questionnaire is very comprehensive the results can be wide in a variety of settings. The third theory is from psychologist Hans Eysenck, he used ââ¬Ëfactor analysisââ¬â¢ similar to Cattell to arrive at 2 main personality dimensions, first being neuroticism vs stability and extroversion vs introversion. Although these two were the most popular Eysenck brought about a less widely accepted dimension, Psychoticism vs impulse control (Eysenck HJ,1960). Lastly a very well accepted modern assessment of personality is based on a five-factor structure of personality. It is referred to as ââ¬ËThe bigShow MoreRelatedAssessment of Gordon Gekkos Personalit y Using a Mbti Framework and Personality Type Theory2061 Words à |à 9 Pagesaim of this essay is to assess Gordon Gekko character ââ¬Ës personality from an Oliver Stoneââ¬â¢s Movie ââ¬Å"The Wall street, Money Never Sleepsâ⬠using the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) framework and Personality Type Theory. THE MBTI The MBTI is an instrument designed to evaluate people and provide descriptive profiles of their personality types. It classifies people into sixteen broad and distinctive personality types based on Carl Jungââ¬â¢s theory of perception and judgement. The MBTI model was developedRead MorePersonality Theory And Personality Theories1441 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction Personality can be defined in many ways due to the individual and unique aspects of personality, and there is yet to be a definitive answer for what personality is and how it comes into being. 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This trait is characterized by sociability, assertiveness, emotional expressiveness and excitability. People who are high in this trait are often described as being outgoing ad talkative, while those low in this trait are described as quiet and reserved. An extroverted disposition ; concern with what is outside the self rather what is inside. Introversion is one of the major personality traits identified in many theories of Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-18141097316641135322019-12-19T13:52:00.001-08:002019-12-19T13:52:03.073-08:00Talk For Parents Of Elementary School Aged Children Talk for Parents of Elementary School Aged Children. Good Evening, tonight we will be discussing Psychoanalytic Development Theory. Understanding your child is so much more than just reading ââ¬Ëwhat to expectââ¬â¢ and parenting blogs, although those are good things. By understanding the theory, you can understand why your child does what they do, and appreciate it on a deeper fundamental level. First off, lets define Psychoanalysis. Originally conceived by Dr. Sigmund Freud, Psychoanalysis is defined by Websterââ¬â¢s Dictionary as ââ¬Å"a method of explaining and treating mental and emotional problems by having the patient talk about dreams, feelings, memories etcâ⬠(). This school of thought in the Psychological world is most well known for focusing on the ways in which the unconscious mind influences behavior. Tonight we will be focusing on one of the most influential theories in developmental psychoanalysis; the theory as first put forth by Freud surrounding his th ree distinct elements of personality. Freud breaks the human personality down into three distinct but interwoven elements; the Id, the Ego and the Super Ego. Id is supposedly present at birth, and is thought to be entirely unconscious. 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Allessandro Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-83681022406988180942019-12-11T10:34:00.001-08:002019-12-11T10:34:03.530-08:00Eight Steps toward Integrity free essay sample I feel a team would help Dalman accomplish his goals in having more time with the business. Dalman spends all his time with Lei to try and keep the business up and running along with the franchise that he does not have time to do everything. This is why a self-managed team will help them both run the business. By using a team Dalman can allow his team to work on many projects to digitally enhance and help make his company perform better. The team can also oversee, while helping building different franchises. While hiring a team Dalman and Lie can allow them to devote their time to the business more. The team can help with training managers. The team can also oversee financial matter along with other business issues that Dalman and Lei cant Juggle at the moment. Dalman can also use Project and Development teams to help work on long term projects in the company but use them to disband when they have reached their goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Eight Steps toward Integrity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dalman and Lei can also use something called Parallel Teams. Parallel Teams teams can work from inside the structure to help build projects and help them move along because they could be a form of managers from inside the organization to help with there, financial issues or other issues they may be struggling to complete while having too much other stuff to andle in the organization. By using these forms of teams Dalman and Lei can use more time to help devote to the development and structural growth of their business. Dalman and Lei when they do not have time to head overseas to oversee the franchise growth of Sandwich Blitz they can use Virtual Teams to communicate electronically instead of face to face that way they dont have to stop what they are doing and leave the country to have a meeting, when in fact they can set up a manager meeting and see them virtually face to face by web cam online. This also means that they now have Transnational Teams that spread to multiple countries. Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-39789247517492209202019-12-03T22:15:00.001-08:002019-12-03T22:15:04.211-08:00Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Essays - Characters In Macbeth Supernatural Forces In Macbeth Supernatural Forces in Macbeth Supernatural forces in Shakespeares' ?Macbeth? aid the play in creating a suspenseful atmosphere. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost and the apparitions are the backbone of the climax and provide ?excuses? for Macbeth's change of character. Because conscience plays such a central role in Macbeth's tragic struggle, many critics have used spiritual and supernatural theories both historical and modern to illuminate the drama's character development and world view. The play opens with the use of the supernatural when three witches encounter Macbeth on his way home from a battle and proceed to predict his fate. This gives the audience a glimpse of path the play will follow. ?When the battles (battle is) lost and won (I. I. 1-4) is when the witches plan to meet again. This is a recurring theme throughout the play. It can be noted that the witches meet after every battle is lost and won, and every battle, whether man against man, man against nature or man against himself is always lost by one side and won by another. Eventually Macbeth will lose the battle for his soul. After the prophecies of the witches' revealed the fate of Macbeth was to be king, he begins to develop an immoral plan to carry out the prophecy. The only way for Macbeth to have the throne is to wait or to kill King Duncan. Macbeth already knew he was going to be king because the witches forecasted it in his future, so how he went about getting there was not a concern of Macbeth's . The three sister's were capable of motivating Macbeth to kill Duncan by planting the idea in his head that he could be king. The ?ghostly? dagger, which led Macbeth to Duncan's chamber, also represents the supernatural forces that cause the fall of Macbeth. and in the grim irony of his pledge of loyalty just 30 lines after his ?horrible imagings? (1.3.138) of murder. His benumbed isolation before, during and right after Duncan's murder is one of the most vivid memories, and we can see him in the same abstraction again among the mourners after Duncan is found.? (Manyard 62) Macbeth's memories of the murder of king Duncan were too cloudy for him to remember because the disallusionment and distraction of the knife influenced him to go through with killing Duncan. Macbeth was led towards Duncan's room by the bloody knife and even had second thoughts of the murder of the king, until Lady Macbeth stepped in. ?These deeds must not be thought. After these ways, so make us mad.? (II.II.32-33) This convinces Macbeth to go back and finish his deed. I feel the floating dagger along with emotions and adrenaline coaxed Macbeth to the murder. Had it not been for the dagger he probably wouldn't have ever traveled up the stairs to Duncan's chamber. Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-84951260097675360952019-11-27T19:48:00.001-08:002019-11-27T19:48:03.582-08:004 Multi Disciplinary Team Margaret Sutton free essay sample IntroductionWhat is a multidisciplinary team? Multidisciplinary team consist of staff from several different professional backgrounds. Who have ability to focus on different areas of complex problems associated with Intellectual disabilities. These teams respond to clients who need the help of more than one professional position. Multidisciplinary teams are often discussed in the same context as joint working, interagency work, and partnership working.in medical care and community care and Social care. Legislation and policy by governments have contributed to the increased and development of multidisciplinary teams in different areas such as Mental Health, Medical Care, and other areas of society. A multi-disciplinary approach involves drawing from multi discipliners to problem solves issues and rethinking outside the normal boundaries in seeking solutions or new understanding for complex situations. The multidisciplinary team is made up of professionals and carers some are skilled set professionals and others are trained in the skills of careering for the person with intellectual disabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on 4 Multi Disciplinary Team Margaret Sutton or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each working together to reach the same goal of providing support and help, enabling a person with intellectual disabilities to be able to reach a quality of life that leads to independent livingThe aim of this assignment is to investigate the multi-disciplinary team and what their role is in caring for a person with an Intellectual disability. I will explore the role of the carers members and show an understanding of supports needs by a person with an intellectual disability. By encouraging and promoting positive attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities will be explored. The intellectual disability I will be investigating will be Autism. As part of the assignment I will focus on care support for a person in a day care setting and the carers giving the care. A vision statement of Volunteers in supporting the person with intellectual disabilities shows what we need to aspire toBeing supported to live a life on ones own terms .Above all people have a deep rooted desire to belong ,to be in relationship ,to live with in the intimacy and security of their family and friends ,to be included in the greater life around them with all its attended possibilities for hope and fulfilment and to do so, to the greater extent possible ,on their own terms .The implications of this simple truth will determine our actions on behalf of all citizens with Intellectual disabilitiesIf we take this vison and ask a person with an intellectual disability what do they want. The probably say I would like to have a feeling of belonging to, have good relationships and the security of their family and friends making choices ,dignity ,and making a contributing to their community and feeling of self-worth .As part of this assignment I will carry out primary and secondar y research which will involve an interview with a member of staff in a multi-disciplinary team, I will used information from the internet, journals and books .During my placement in St Cronans I got a better understanding of how the work is carried out by a multidisciplinary team. How their work impact with a person with intellectual disability working in the environment of the day care services. The carers themselves encourage dignity, independence, choice, relationships, self-respect, develop strategies in reduce levels of challenge behaviour. They meet the holistic needs of the person, self-respect, work on low self-esteem. There are many words to describe what is meant as respects for a person with intellectual disability.Irish constitution states all citizens shall be held equal before the law .Respect should be show to all people especially those who are in a care setting whether they have physical or intellectual disabilities .When people are treated with respect they have confidence in themselves and they grow in the confidence they are able to make decision and feel valued in society .It important to talk to the person first and not parents. Always tell the person about their care first as they are adults and should be treated as adults. If they can do things for themselves let them do it, dont say I will do it for you. Often the person will be willing do what they are asked to do. You must take time to get to know the person and their abilities. It will take time for the person to get to know you.Individuals with ID should have choice on how they wish to be cared for. The choice is not all individuals with ID would be in the position to make decisions Some may want to live independently get a job, integrate in the community, some may want to live in residential care setting or attend day care services and other want to continue to live at home. They should have the choice to make their own decision. Whatever decision they make it their choice to make gives them a feeling of control over their own lives.It shouldnt be unexpected for a person with ID to want to have a part or fulltime job to work in a supermarket or a cafà ©, they want to contribute to society. They have the same needs, dreams visions, emotions and feeling as everybody else. They want the same opportunities as everybody else. Having the opportunities to go to school, attend college, training, volunteering, activities in sports, writing, drama, own their own home. They should have the same chance as everybody else living a good life and having a job gives the individual a purpose in life and increase their confidence and self-worthThe individual with intellectual disabilities only have relationship with their parents and immediate family members and paid carer who look after them in the residential for day care centres Their circle of friends is small. Having a relationship with a person other than family is very important especially in the own age bracket gives them feel good factor, allows them to explore new emotions feelings opinions and builds their independence give then a wider circle for communication and building a network of support in making friends. In developing their interest in what friends do in hanging out. Building relationships is important part of people lives and is a way of interacting and a feeling of belonging in the community with other people.There are diverse types of intellectual disabilities Some can have mild levels of intellectual Disabilities. they can continue to live at home and attend day services for training and learning new skills i.e. garden, cooking, crafts. Some people might have more serve Intellectual Disabilities and need more professional help while continue to live in a residential care settingFor clients with intellectual disabilities support can come in diverse ways like a residential home such as St Anns where their medical care needs would be met by staff nurses and a programme of doctors, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, dieticians, dentist, optometrists. For client with less sever intellectual disabilities who have access and can live in community homes where they can do things for themselves. In the community houses the carers assistants instead of the staff nurses who are there to aid the clients in their home environment. The clients can make choice in what they want to eat and what clothes they want to wear. they can go on day trips, shopping used public transport go swimming, walks getting involved in activities this is called social living. If they choose and have the capability to living on their own, they be supported by social worker or they may have support from a day care centre they are attending during the week such as St Cronans in Roscrea. The Mags and her sister Mary and Jenny attend St Cronans day care centre for intellectual disabilities they live in their own home attended by Mary Ryan their carer . She calls to their home in the evenings and in the morning, she provide help in paying their bills ,organising appointments to the dentist , hairdresser, optometrists, doctor and the chiropodist and she help in providing transport plus providing help with shopping .There is the provision of respite for clients who live at home with their parent. The respite can be with another family or in an institutional setting. Allowing the carer and the families a break, or a rest, a time to recharge, the client have a holiday and to engage with other people, change to their routine. People with ID who live independently will always need support for either social workers or from a day care setting.I will investigate the role of a multi-disciplinary team in the overseeing the care of a child with Down Syndrome. When the child is born a multi-disciplinary team will be involved in giving the necessary skills to be able to attend school. The needs of the child will be assessed and the Health Nurse in the community will coordinate with the multi-disciplinary team. i e doctors, occupational therapist, speech therapists, physiotherapist, and the social worker in giving support and services to the child. Once the child reaches the age of five year the child will be assessed by a psychologists and medical doctor to decide on their mental and physical need and the level of care they needTo see if they have any underlined medical problems such as heart defect, hearing impairment, vison impairment. The physiological assessment will be done to evaluate the level of task and their ability to learn this will be important as it a deciding factor as to what school they will attend. The parent decides on what is the best choice for their child receiving the best education to live independently in the future. The child has the choice of attending main steam school or special classes in main stream school this depends on the needs of the child Depending on their disability if they have physical needs a SNA will be giving while attending school.Front Line Staff are social carer employees who work directly with service user including help from volunteers, students, additional staff. According to the HSE the multi-disciplinary staff is the Doctor, Nurses, Social Workers, Psychologists Dietician, Occupational, Speech and Language Therapists, Dentists, Pharmacist.While on work placement in St Cronans I saw at first-hand how important the front-line staff is to the service users in centre in helping them to build their skills and support in the basic tasks of cooking, gardening, music, reading and computer courses. I spoke with Val and I asked him what was important to the service users. He told me the unit gives a place of care in addressing any issue they might have in hygiene, looking after their weight and diets and simple things like company of friends. Most of the service users live at home, their circle of friends might only be family members. Val and Sue oversee the Green unit and responsible for all the client in the unit. They must see that client get their medication and care needs. They must make sure that client get exercise and fresh air, while I was there most of the clients went for a walk around the building for a period of twenty minutes after lunch. One of the Carer gives help in training the service users to play Soccer. They play against other service user in the centre. They must also keep up with changes to their medication and how to handle a service user if they have an epilepsy being able to administrate the medication. They must be made aware if any of the clients have issues that must be attended to. They must record any changes or incidents in behaviour.Another member of the multi-disciplinary team the Dietician who responsible for the nutritional management of the clients. It is a known fact that people with disabilities are at risk of nutritional problems each service user is checked for the weight gains once a month and told by the dietician what they can and cant eat this help to prevent problems of obesity.The physiotherapist is another member of the multi-disciplinary team works to restore the loss of movement and function when somebody is affected by illness or disability.The physiotherapist worked with service user to improve movement in a holistic way and encourage the service user to perform exercises. Especially if the client has problems with movement in their hands or feet.St Cronans has over ninety service users attending the day services every day. Each with their own disability from mild to moderate to server people with impairment, stroke, mental health issues. Occupational Therapist helps in promoting client health and wellbeing. They help clients with mental physical or social disabilities to independently carry out everyday tasks. The occupational therapist is client centred and helps them to do things by giving aids, changing their surroundings, enhancing their lives. The occupational therapist will ask question, why this person cant do this., they will make observation, make assessments and interventions to develop, recover, or keep occupations of individuals and groups. Following an assessment, the Occupational Therapist will liaise with the clients family member and other members of the Multi-disciplinary team in preparing a holistic treatment plan for the client. It important to communicate with the multi-disciplinary team in order for the client to receive the right treatment that required .It is important that recognise that to help the client receive the right treatment it important that the whole team communicate ,The carer has to record the changes in client who is Down Syndrome and suffers from epilepsy. The Doctor must inform the client and carers if their medication is changed. The Occupational Therapist must inform the carer what activities might help the client. The Physiotherapist must report can changes the might find with the client mobility. The whole team must communicate with each other in helping the client to live an independent life. I leaned while in St Cronans that some of the clients live on their own independently with the help of family member. Before they decision is made for a person to live on their own the multi-disciplinary team will made a decision is, the psychologist will carry out an assessment on their level of learning and their ability to cope on their own .During my time in St Cronans I met Seamus who has mild disabilities ,his speech is affected, he lives in the place where he was born a small village near Templemore . .He receives help from family member has the support of a social worker how make and the day care staff in St Cronans . Two day a week he attends St Cronans days care services. the other three day he works at St Ann Centre in Roscrea working in the garden. During my time in St Cronans I learnt there are many different types of intellectual disabilities and the severity of the ID will determine if the person will be able to gain the level of independence to live on their one .The sad fact is only small percentage will achieve the result of living independently .I spoke to member of multidisciplinary team who said that a person with a mild disability and the support of care worker could happily live independently in the community . The social work works will liaise on with the multi-disciplinary team so that the service coping well in the community and ensure he receives this enlistment.During the economic down turn St Cronans been hit by cut backprovide swimming activities and bowling because of the shortage of staff not every body get to take part in these activities and the shortage of trandportused to provide a cooked meal every day for the service user .Because of the cut back the meals were discontinued most of the service user bring in their lunches .OF THE CONVERSATIONThe Public Health Nurse complements all members of the multidisciplinary team including the family Doctor by offering additional counseling, co coordinating other team members providing feedback both to the parents and the multidisciplinary teamIn the brief what is required of the Multidisciplinary team and supporting staff is made up of group of health professionals and support workers who work of a care plan in providing the services to the person the multidisciplinary team have import role as a team in meeting the objectives in providing a centered and effective care for the person. By supporting and providing the care and skills set in helping both the parents and the child with Down syndrome to achieve a quality of life and independence that is accredit to a normal child.Without the professional help the child with Down syndrome would not be able to cope with the stresses of life. Within the multidisciplinary team its important that each member communicated with each other regarding the individual person well being The Team worksNow I want to demonstrate thehttps://newyorkessays.com/essay-intellectual-disability/http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2005/10/27/how-to-work-in-multi-disciplinary-teams/http://www.fedvol.ie/_fileupload/Publications/Vision%20Statement%20for%20Intellectual%20Disability%20in%20Ireland%20-%20April%202009.pdfhttps://newyorkessays.com/essay-intellectual-disability/ Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-84585711958923203552019-11-24T03:23:00.001-08:002019-11-24T03:23:03.198-08:00Technology Essay ExampleTechnology Essay Example Technology Essay Technology Essay Essay Topic: Investigative Technology Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date: Technology The New York Times chose to deploy their innovative support group as a shared service. This means that the costs for supporting the group and acquiring these services will be shared among the companies. The RD vice president expresses that the groupââ¬â¢s role is to be able to access new markets and ideas more easily. One of the ways they do this is accessing information from websites in order to know what people are interested in. A shared service approach has several advantages; first, it reduces the cost that a business would have incurred in accessing the services as an individual business. Secondly, it leads to the growth of a business, as competition has been increased and the business is also working with other businesses, hence it is more efficient. A shared service approach also enables a company to focus more on the business without much distraction. The support team of the New York Times is able to prototype E-ink at a point where some businesses cannot be able to afford the resources that are needed to research on the technology. The New York Times collaborated with Netflix to create a map on the most rented films. Shared services approach however has some disadvantages, they include loss of control by the companies in acquiring the service and some businesses may suffer, when they cover the costs of companies that cannot afford to cover for projects. Boston Scientific faced the challenge of balancing openness and sharing with security and the need for restricting access to information. The company used technology to overcome this. The company created software known as Invention Machineââ¬â¢s Goldfire. This machine would enable researchers to access information, while at the same time limiting the information that is accessed. The company would also be able to know what information is being accessed. The cultural change that was required for this to be possible includes the inability of the organization to share its information with outsiders because it feared that some information might leak to their competitors. The organization did not allow researchers and others any access to their data. This is not as important as technology-related issues. For example, first the companyââ¬â¢s largest sales are heart-related items. Keeping the pipeline of these items fresh is done through technology, which engineers had been focused on improving before the set up of Goldfire. Secondly, in the past researchers were unable to develop new ideas into past creations because they could not access the data from the organization. This could have led to innovations and discoveries. The video rental map developed by The New York Times and Netflix displays movie popularity across neighborhoods from major US cities. Netflix could use this information to improve their business by supplying common films in the regions that they are common in. they could also supply films that are related to the films common in different regions. Other companies could also take advantage of these data. For example, research companies could use information on films that are common in different regions for research. Cinemas could also use this information, in order to know the type of movies to offer or show in different regions. The newspaper industry has been facing serious challenges to its viability ever since the internet made news available online. Newspapers are coping with these through several ways. Some newspapers have ventured into the internet service by offering their news through the internet, for example The New York Times. Others are coping with these by cutting back on expensive projects, such as investigative journalism. Predictions from a number of newspaper officials are that newspapers will be printing and supplying the papers at most, three days every week. Reports also show that some newspapers have already closed down or stopped printing. For example, The Christian Science Monitor. Surveys show that most people now turn to the internet to access news. In this case, in five or ten years to come, most newspapers will have gone out of business or closed down their print version of the paper to produce e-paper. Examples of companies using technology to help them innovate and develop new products and services include IBM, Liberty Property Trust, Dell and Comcast .IBM Company has software known as Lotus Connections, which offers five web services. The services include communication, enterprise profiles, social book marking, blogs and activities. Liberty Property Trust uses J.D. Edwards 5 solutions to predict the future market and to create good customer relationships. Comcast and Dell use twitter to assess what consumers think about their products. Trends by most companies include the use of social networks such as twitter and blogs to market their products and assess what the public thinks of the company. Case 2 A shared service model such as a shared service center can be used to improve the approach of shared services. This center would provide online consolidation for the various businesses sharing the service. It could also enable the expansion of the shared services, by collaborating with other global businesses with ease of communication and operation. The center provides a platform where members can find information, as well as customers, who want to learn more about the companies. Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-68419760979069967712019-11-21T06:28:00.001-08:002019-11-21T06:28:07.031-08:00Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12Marketing - Essay Example We have athletic shoes for basketball, running and tennis, among others. There are athletic shoes that can also double as casual shoes and these are what we popularly call trainers and sneakers. Nike, Adidas and Reebok dominate the athletic shoe market and the competition is fierce because there is a large market for it. The young people/the college student culture is our target consumers due to their active and upwardly mobile lifestyle. The actual purchasing process of our target market could be categorized into two: traditional and online purchasing. Traditional purchasing process is when the consumer buys from a store while online purchasing is when the consumer orders the product using the internet. Online purchasing is the more interesting of the two. Today, the college-students subculture is popularly known as the MySpace generation. This tag is after a hugely popular social networking website called MySpace.com. It came to be synonymous to our target market because it represents how the web figures in young peopleââ¬â¢s lives especially socially and as a consumer. BusinessWeek reported that our market live online, buy online and play online. To penetrate the market and acquire a significant share of mind, we should tap the endorsement of popular icons among the college-students. It would not hurt if we follow the lead of Nike when they hired Michael Jordan to endorse their shoes. There was a quantified improvement on the Adidas sale when trendsetters like Claudia Schiffer and Madonna started sporting their products. (Wallace) The strategy of launching a comprehensive sponsorship of sporting events not just professional but on American collegiate level must also be seriously considered. There is nothing more effective than touching base with our market leaving us with the message that we are real and giving them opportunity to gauge our productsââ¬â¢ strengths. Finally, Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-33394707607207033102019-11-20T06:46:00.001-08:002019-11-20T06:46:03.500-08:00ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS EssayENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS - Essay Example They are therefore coming up with new models and innovations to solve health issues, social problems, conflicts, and environmental concerns such as global warming with principles which may not or may directly involve setting up an enterprise for trading. I will therefore highlight the main concepts and approaches that may be used in the development of entrepreneurship within non-profit and in profit making organisations. I will also outline the challenges, risks and opportunities that the healthcare sector (voluntary and profit-making organisations) in the UK experience when adopting these entrepreneurship skills citing an example of the Royal College of Nursing. Its goals and objectives as it strive to enable students to gather enough knowledge on entrepreneurship (RCN Entrepreneurship team report, March 2007). Finally, I will discuss in detail how entrepreneurship concepts can be applied in day to day running and development of business globally. In a layman's language, entrepreneurship is the starting in of a new business either existing or a totally new innovation (Berger, 1991). The history of entrepreneurship dates back to 1950 when a lecturer at the Austrian school of Economics Joseph Schumpeter developed the idea and defined an entrepreneur as a person who turns an invented idea into a meaningful business by pioneering change through actions. The common definition of entrepreneurship is the practice of developing new businesses in response to an identified opportunity within a specific sector. Entrepreneurship is a difficult adventure that is usually characterised by massive investments, employment of skills, research and capital. Schumpeter also argues that entrepreneurship entails any principle that advocates for risks undertaking for the sake of gaining a profitable advantage. This means that opportunities are discovered, exploited and practiced with a view to engage in a business venture that is more likely to gain a market share from the existing types (Bhide, 2000). It can also be viewed as the development of new products, production methods, entering new markets or forming new organisations. Characteristics of an entrepreneur (Berger, 1991) He has to have a driving force for the business. He is very enthusiastic in nature and vision-wise. A quick decision maker and a positive thinker. Translates his vision into a success. A strong persuader who seeks to have other people on board. Has very high aptitude. It is not usually easy to develop an enterprise and as quoted by Dr. Stacy of the Harvard School of business economics, it takes a lot more analysis and considerations from the undertaker of entrepreneurship process (Reinhardt, 2000). She also suggests that, the main stages that are commonly applied in the profit-making and non-profit organisations would be classified according to the ability of the business to quickly catch up with the current business momentum most importantly form the inventor himself. The first stage of development is the inception stage which first starts as an imagination from the entrepreneur in that opportunities are identified, studied and defined. The concept of the business idea responds directly to the defined purpose and need. At this stage, issues of capital, partners and viability of the business are looked into. The entrepreneur at this stage is keen on getting policies, Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-36459398214299404482019-11-17T19:52:00.001-08:002019-11-17T19:52:04.101-08:00Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1Global Warming - Essay Example This is a difficult dilemma, because the effects of climate change will manifest themselves in different ways in different regions, from pole to pole. The political reasoning of the problem solution suggests that all countries need to make coordinated and deliberate actions based on special international conventions on climate change. Scientists and international scientific community are now under a tremendous pressure, as a correct identification of climate change trends and its main consequences in the future will save humanity from immense ills and, vice versa, adoption of expensive measures without sufficient scientific grounds will lead to huge economic losses. Global Warming Its easiest definition runs that global warming is a gradual increase in average temperature of the Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere and oceans in the 20th and 21st centuries. Scientific judgments, expressed by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, directly supported by National Academies of Sciences o f the Big Eight, say that the average temperature on Earth has risen by 0.7 à ° C since the Industrial Revolution (the second half of the 18th century) and a considerable proportion of observed warming over the past 50 years was caused by human activities, primarily by gas emission (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)), that cause the greenhouse effect (Mank 1). The increase in average global temperature led to a decrease in continental glaciers. In addition, we should expect a decrease of the permafrost zone, which presently occupies a significant part of the planet, as well as anticipate changes in the methods of management, farming, construction, etc. in the zone itself. Measurements and calculations showed that for the last 100 years mountain glaciers have decreased by approximately 2.000 cubical kilometers; the annual decline averaged 0.06% of the total mass of Alpine ice. Signs of glaciersââ¬â¢ degradation are observed in all regions of the Arctic, where global warming manifests itself to the maximum extent. Climate warming leads to sea levels rise. Over the past 20 years the rate of increase has doubled and reached 2.5 cm/yr. This rise promises significant environmental consequences. Saltwater intrusion in deltas of the major rivers will destroy protected habitat for wild animals and birds, spawning grounds for fish. Sea level rise will increase a probability of devastating storms. The issue of damsââ¬â¢ building needs to be thought through today. About 70% of the seaside is currently being destroyed as a result of natural lift of water and increasing human activities. This process will be further exacerbated by global warming. So, according to the UN Environment Program data, in the Nile Delta, for example, one-fifth of the arable land of Egypt can be flooded by rising water, which will affect about 10 million people (Mank 3). Scientists state that in addition to sea-level rise, rise of global temperature will lead to changes in the quantity and distribution of precipitation. As a result, there is a strong possibility of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, etc.; harvests will fall in the affected areas and will increase in other zones (due to increasing concentration of carbon dioxide). Climate warming may cause a geographic Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7663865216496643169.post-60126059756262871262019-11-15T08:24:00.001-08:002019-11-15T08:24:04.980-08:00Customer Satisfaction for Chinese Restaurants in the USCustomer Satisfaction for Chinese Restaurants in the US Introduction: Aim of Project: Perception of Chinese restaurant in the U.S: What affects customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions? Objectives: To analyse the customers behavioural intentions for Chinese restaurant in U.S. To analyse the perception of Chinese restaurant in the U.S. To evaluate and analyse what affects customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. The United States is a multicultural and multiethnic nation and this national trend of diversity is expected to consistently increase (Josiam and Monteiro, 2004; Sukalakamala and Boyce, 2007). One reflection of this cultural and ethnic diversity is the variety and prosperity of ethnic restaurants in the American foodservice market. The U.S. ethnic food market generates $75 billion in annual sales, around 65% of which is attributed to the foodservice industry (US ethnic food market, 2005). Yet, the fast growth of ethnic restaurants is not driven entirely by the growing number of new immigrants. In fact, 75% of ethnic food consumption comes from non-ethnic customers (US ethnic food market, 2005). As lifestyles change and dining out becomes more and more commonplace, many customers desire new flavours and experiences. Along with this popularity is the rapid development of Chinese restaurants. According to Chinese restaurants news (2007), there are about 43,139 Chinese restaurants in the United States, which is more than the total number of all McDonalds Wendys and burger king domestic outlets combined. Chinese restaurants generate over $17.5 billion annual sales, accounting for about one fourth of overall annual sales generated by ethnic restaurants in the U.S. (Chinese Restaurant News, 2007). Known for its good taste and great value for the price, Chinese cuisine is among the ââ¬Å"big threeâ⬠most popular ethnic cuisines in the U.S. food service market (National Restaurant association, 1995). It is estimated that 90% of the American population has tried Chinese food and 63% of Americans eat Chinese food each month (George, 2001). Facing more sophisticated American consumers and increasing competition in the restaurant industry, Chinese restaurants can no longer succeed by depending on good taste or low price alone. According to National Restaurant Association (2000a,b), due to an increased familiarity with ethnic food. American consumers attitudes toward ethnic cuisine have recently changed. Today, an exotic experience is not enough to attract consumers to an ethnic restaurant. Customers are no longer willing to trade off inferior service or atmosphere for an opportunity to try new flavours. They prefer an excellent overall dining experience. Moreover, Chinese restaurants are facing increasing challenges from other emerging Asian restaurants and from the changing tastes of American customers who prefer healthy or spicy food. Therefore, a better understanding of the key attributes influencing customer satisfaction and post dining behavioural intentions in Chinese restaurants will provide important practical implications for Chinese restaurants operators. Literature review: At all stages in the elaboration of a dissertation, the author must exert control over both the content and the way it is organised. The literature review is what shows that the author understand the chosen topic and keeps to the aim. ââ¬ËIn researching for your dissertation or project, you will generally be expected to source material for yourself says MacMillan (2007, p.61). Meanwhile, Swetnam (2005, p.76) gives examples and his definition is that ââ¬Ëthe literature review is central to the dissertation and in all styles of work. It has a number of functions, for example, it shows that you have read widely around your chosen topic, it demonstrates your critical understanding of the theory; it informs and modifies your own research. White (2006, p.83) gives a newer definition that the literature review ââ¬Ëwill help you to discuss the dissertation in its relevant context, together with any theoretical frameworks which may be involved. It may also trigger your imagination an d help you set the work in a new and different light because the author learns and understands more, which can stimulate further analysis. Research Method: The researcher need way to get the data will be from books, magazines, newspaper and through internet. As there are so many websites, no. of books, newspaper and magazines from where researcher will get updated information regarding the research. Through qualitative method the researcher will be able to find out easier way for doing research and by getting direct information related with the research. And the other thing is that in qualitative method accuracy rate is good not all time but, mostly.Quantitative method also very helpful to do the research. Code of Ethics: The world tourism organisation developed a code of ethics. This is recognition of the need to enshrine many of the principles of global action on the environment and the rights of tourists and workers. The basic principles inherit in the code are: 2 Table of contents Implementation of the principles of the code of ethics of hospitality. Mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies. Restaurant as a beneficial activity for host countries and communities. Summary: This work will introduced the conceptual issues associated with the research of ââ¬Å"customer satisfaction from Chinese restaurant in USâ⬠and also demonstrate what is happening with people of the local community. Chapter: 2 Literature Review Literature Review: An Introduction At all stages in the elaboration of a dissertation, the author must exert control over both the content and the way it is organised. The literature review is what shows that the author understand the chosen topic and keeps to the aim. ââ¬ËIn researching for your dissertation or project, you will generally be expected to source material for yourself says MacMillan (2007, p.61). Meanwhile, Swetnam (2005, p.76) gives examples and his definition is that ââ¬Ëthe literature review is central to the dissertation and in all styles of work. It has a number of functions, for example, it shows that you have read widely around your chosen topic, it demonstrates your critical understanding of the theory, it informs and modifies your own research. White (2006, p.83) gives a newer definition that the literature review ââ¬Ëwill help you to discuss the dissertation in its relevant context, together with any theoretical frameworks which may be involved. It may also trigger your imagination an d help you set the work in a new and different light because the author learns and understands more, which can stimulate further analysis. Chapter: 1 Ethnic cuisine development and Chinese restaurants in the US. In the past few decades, with the influx of new immigrants as well as diversifying tastes of Americans, ethnic foods have become widely available and increasingly popular in the U.S. food service market (Josiam and monteiro, 2004). Traditional ethnic cuisines such as Italian, Mexican and Cantonese Chinese have become so familiar to American customer that they are perceived as mainstream American foods (Mills, 2000). In the meanwhile, many emerging ethnic cuisines such as Caribbean, Mediterranean and Pan Asian have also gained wide acceptance in recent years (US ethnic food market, 2005). Chinese cuisine arrived in the U.S. with the first railroad construction workers brought over to the west coast of the U.S. in the nineteenth century (Freeman, 2008). From the first Cantonese style Chinese restaurant opened in San Francisco in 1849, it rapidly penetrated towns and cities all over the U.S. and became part of the American experience (Chen and Bowen, 2001). Cantonese style cuisine, characterised by its light sweet and sour flavours, is the most popular Chinese cuisine in the U.S. In the recent years, other styles of Chinese cuisine have also become familiar to American customers, such as Szechwan, Hunan and Mandarin styles. The first two styles are famous for their hot and spicy flavours, while the last one is characterised by light, elegant and mildly seasoned foods (George, 2001). According to the National Restaurant Association (1995), customer perceived Chinese cuisine as a great value for the price, good for carryout, rich in flavour and difficult to prepare at hom e. Although there a few Chinese restaurant chains operating in the U.S. such as P. F. Changs China Bistro and Panda Express, most Chinese restaurant has a Chinese name outside, is decorated with Chinese styled pictures and artifacts, such as Chinese brush landscape paintings red lanterns, offers a menu printed in both Chinese and English, and provides Chinese characterised tableware, such as chopsticks and Chinese restaurants have been facing intense competition among themselves due to fast development and expansion in the U.S., as well as from other emerging Asian restaurants such as Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese ( Jang et al., 2009). Thus, maintaining customer satisfaction and repeat patronage may be more important for Chinese restaurants than ever before. Chapter: 2 Customer satisfaction and related theories The topic of ââ¬Å"customer satisfactionâ⬠has held a significant position in the marketing literature over the decades since satisfied customers can be generate long-term benefits for companies, including customer loyalty and sustained profitability (Homburg et al., 2006). Researchers have explained the mechanism of customer satisfaction with number of distinct theories, such as expectancy-disconfirmation theory (Oliver, 1981), contrast theory (Howard and Sheth, 1969), assimilation or cognitive dissonance theory (Anderson, 1973), equity theory (Oliver and Swan, 1989), and value percept theory (Westbrook and Reilly, 1983). Among them, the most widely accepted theory is the expectancy disconfirmation theory. According to this theory, customers satisfaction judgements are the results of comparisons between customers expectations and perceived performance. If the perceived performance exceeds the expectation, the expectation is positively disconfirmed and the customer is satisfie d. On the contrary, if the perceived performance falls short of the expectation, the expectation is negatively disconfirmed and the customer is dissatisfied. Another influential theory for customer satisfaction is the equity theory. This theory suggests that satisfaction occurs when customers perceived that they have obtained more benefits compared to their cost (e.g. money, time and effort) and perceived value is an appropriate factor in measuring satisfaction (Oliver and Swan, 1989; Yuan and Jang, 2008). Another commonly used theory, the three factor theory, provides a basic explanation for the structure of customer satisfaction. This theory claims that three independent satisfaction factors influence customer satisfaction in different ways (Kano, 1984; Matzler and Sauerwein, 2002). Basic factors are minimum requirement for satisfaction. Failure to fulfil the minimum requirements causes dissatisfaction, whereas fulfilling or exceeding them does not necessarily lead to satisfaction. Excitement factors increase customer satisfaction if delivered but do not cause dissatisfaction if not delivered. Performance factors lead to satisfaction if performance is high and to dissatisfaction if performance is low (Fuller and Matzler, 2008). This theory has been validated empirical studies (e.g. Fuchs, 2004; Matzler et al., 2006) and could provide an additional perspective for understanding the effects of restaurant attributes on customer satisfaction. Basic factors can be seen as the prerequisite s for the satisfaction, signifying that customer take that for granted. Performance factors are a critical competitive area and directly related to customers explicit needs and wants. Excitement factors are unexpected by customers, so they can be a ââ¬Å"surprise giftâ⬠that generates extra delight (Fuller and Matzler, 2008). Chapter: 3 Behavioural Intentions Behavioural intention can be defined as the degree to which a person has formulated conscious plans to perform or not perform some specified future behaviour (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). According to the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975), behavioural intention is the motivational component of a volitional behavioural and is highly correlated with behaviour itself (Jang and Feng, 2007). Although there are still arguments about the level of correlation between behavioural intentions and actual actions, it seems to be generally agreed that behavioural intention is a reasonable variable for predicting future behaviour (Quelette and Wood, 1988). Thus, a good understanding of the determinants of favourable post-dinning behavioural intentions such as saying positive things about the restaurant, recommending the restaurant to others, and repeat purchasing can provide practical guidance for restaurant practitioners. Another construct that is highly related to behavioural intentions is customer satisfaction. It is regarded as one of the key antecedents of post purchase behavioural intentions because customer satisfaction has a positive effect on the customers attitude towards the product or service and can reinforce the customers conscious effort to purchase the product or service again in the future (Oliver, 1989, 1999). However, previous studies have also suggested that factors that influence customer satisfaction are not always in accordance with factors influencing customer behavioural intention, for example, Sulek and Hensley (2004) found that food, atmosphere, and fairness of the seating order were all significant predictors of a customers overall dining satisfaction, but only food quality predicted post-dining behavioural intention. In examining food quality in restaurants, Namkung and Jang (2007) reported that food temperature had a significant effect on customer satisfaction but no effec t on behavioural intention. Conversely, healthy options were a direct determinant of behavioural intentions but did not influence customer satisfaction. Therefore, there is a practical need to investigate the effects of restaurant attributes on both customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Chapter: 4 Factors influencing customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in restaurants Reuland et al. (1985) suggested that hospitality services consist of a harmonious mixture of three elements: the material product, the behaviour and attitude of the employees, and the environment. Berry et al. (2002) also proposed three categories of cues that present themselves in the service experience: functional cues (technical quality of service), mechanic cues (nonhuman elements in the service environment) and humanic cues (behaviour of service employees). Based on these propositions, the basic restaurant attributes can be said to be include food, service and environment. Though a literature review of dining satisfaction and behaviour intention, all three basic elements were found to directly or indirectly contribute to customers overall satisfaction with a restaurant experience and their post dining behavioural intentions. Chapter: 5 Food Quality As the core product of a restaurant, food plays a pivotal role in the restaurant experience. Food quality has been generally accepted as major factor influencing customer satisfaction and post dining behavioural intention. For example, Dube et al. (1994) measured the relative importance of seven restaurant attributes in repeat purchase intention in an upscale restaurant setting and found that food quality was far more important to restaurant customers than all others attributes, Sulek and Hensley (2004) investigated the relative importance of food and physical setting, and service in a full-service restaurant and found that food quality was the most important factor influencing satisfaction and the only factor predicting behavioural intention. Namkung and Jang (2007) evaluated the relationship of individual attributes that constitute food quality (e.g. food presentation, menu variety, healthy options, taste, food freshness and temperature) with customer satisfaction and behavioural i ntentions. The findings indicated that food presentation, taste and temperature were significantly related to customer satisfaction whereas food presentation, taste and healthy options (instead of temperature) were significant predictors of behavioural intention. Besides the above- mentioned six individual attributes, ââ¬Å"food safetyâ⬠is also an important cue for evaluating food quality. ââ¬Å"Although food-safety defects are not always immediately apparent, customers do tend to notice undercooked food, food with an off taste, or foreign material in their foodâ⬠(Sulek and Hensley, 2004). Thus, food may serve as the most basic and lowest standard when judging quality. Service Quality: In the service literature, perceived service quality is defined as the customers judgement of the overall excellence or superiority of the service (Zeithaml, 2008). It is the customers subjective evaluation, resulting from a comparison of expectations and perceived performance. SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al, 2008) is the instrument most often used for measuring perceived service quality in the marketing literature. It consists of five service dimension, namely, tangibles (physical facilities, equipment, and appearance of personnel), reliability (ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately), and responsiveness (willingness to help customers and provide prompt service), assurance (knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence) and empathy (caring, individualized attention the firm provides its customers). To adapt SERVQUAL to the restaurant industry, Stevens et al. (2005) modified several items from the original SERVQUAL and d eveloped DINESERV to measure perceived service quality in restaurants. In the restaurant industry, since customers not only evaluate the quality of food but also the service encounters during their dining experience, perceived service quality is seen as another core determinant of customers satisfaction and behavioural intention. For example Kivela et al. (2009) proposed a comprehensive model for dining satisfaction and return patronage. Their study indicated that the probability of return patronage was dependent on customers satisfaction with five aspects of a restaurant: first the last impressions, service quality, and ambience quality, food quality and feeling comfortable eating there and reservation and parking. Ladhari et al. (2008) investigated determinants of dining satisfaction and post-dining behavioural intentions, and concluded that perceived service quality influenced customer satisfaction through both positive and negative emotions, Customer satisfaction, in turn, influ enced recommendations, customer loyalty and willingness to pay more. Their results suggested that compared with food quality/reliability, physical design and price, service responsiveness was the most important contributor to customer satisfaction. ATMOSPHERICS Atmospherics is perceived as the quality of the surroundings space. According to Kotler (2006) it is the conscious designing of space to produce specific emotional effects in buyers that enhance their purchase probability. Atmospherics is made up of a set of elements, such as music, lighting, colour and scent. Research in environmental psychology has suggested that atmospherics has a powerful impact on peoples emotions, attitude and behaviour. Mehrabian and Russell (2005) first introduced a theoretical model to explain the impact of environmental stimuli on individual behaviour. The model claims that the physical environment could influence peoples emotional response (such as pleasure and arousal), which in turn elicits approach or avoidance behaviour toward the environment. The model has gained consistent support from the numerous empirical studies in different service settings, such as retail stores and hotels (Baker and Cameroon, 2006). In the restaurant context, Ryu and Jang (2007) explored the combined effect of multiple atmospheric variables on behavioural intentions in upscale restaurants. Their findings supported that ambience (example music, aroma, and temperature) and employee appearance had the most important influence n customers post dining behavioural intentions. OTHER FACTORS-PRICE FAIRNESS AND AUTHENCITY Besides food, service and atmospherics, perceived price fairness could be another factor that influences the customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions (Bei and Chiao, 2007). It is based on consumer internal reference prices, which could be generated by the last price paid, the price most frequently paid and the market prices in similar transactions (Kahneman et al.2006). This principle posits that firms are entitled to a reasonable profit and customers are entitled to a reasonable price. An increase in price is preserved to be fair if it is due to a cost increase. Otherwise, it is preserved to be unfair if the price is increased without any underlying cost increase. Perceived fairness of price is found to be positively related to customer satisfaction and loyalty (Bei and Chiao, 2007), whereas perceived unfairness of price can lead to immediate negative attitudinal and behavioural responses such as dissatisfaction, complaining and switching to other providers (Xia et al. 2005) . Authenticity is an attribute that could be specifically relevant to ethnic restaurants. Authenticity refers to whether the food and ethnic origin. In other words, the environment and cuisines are not adjusted to meet local tastes and customers who are familiar with the culture of the ethnic origin can be judging its authenticity (Ebster and Guist 2006). Compared with Americans restaurants, ethnic restaurants usually make use of ethnic art, decor, music and customers. Some scholars even describe ethnic restaurants as cultural ambassadors of the home country and the dining experience in an ethnic as culinary tourism (Wood and Munoz, 2006). Summary Based on the literature review, this study investigated customer perception of Chinese restaurant in terms of food related attributes service related attributes, atmosphere related attributes and other attributes (price and authenticity), and identified the key attributes affecting customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Research Method Chapter: 3 Research Method Research Method Introduction: Methodology is the study of methods and it raises all sorts of philosophical questions about what it is possible for researcher to know and how valid their claims to knowledge might be (Fisher, 2007, p.40) The researcher has to consider the nature of the setting being studied or the ââ¬Ëquestion being asked, as well as any possible limitations on the study, such as time and resources. Resources may be human being or monetary resources, or research tools such as computers or computer assisted telephone interviewing laboratories. There also needs to be to be a match between the study topic and methodology. For example, a research question that seeks to determine the size of the visiting friends and relatives market in an area would use a quantitative methodology, not a qualitative methodology, because the focus is on quantification. A methodology is a systematic and orderly approach taken towards the collection and analysis of data so that information can be obtained from those data. Data are raw, specific, undigested and therefore largely meaningless; information, in contrast, is what you get when data have been arranged in such a way that uncertainty is lessened, queries resolved, and questions answered. In the words of Jankowicz (2005, p.220) ââ¬Å"Everything you do in your empirical work should be directed to the one end of gathering and presenting data from which information can be easily and simply derivedâ⬠. Veal (2006, p. 125) The research approach: The author will use primary sources in the dissertation. Two interviews will be conducted: with one member of Dancing Dragon, Teesside (one of manager ) with one regular customer of Dancing Dragon restaurant The two chosen people one from Dancing Dragon and another from a regular customer of Chinese restaurant. Therefore, that customer will be capable of answering all questions and give new examples. The experience for the author is important because the answers will be based on true stories, examples and theories that are necessary for the dissertation. The interviews will be done by email and telephone, which could give the author an opportunity to gain some extra information if the interview exceeds the prepared questions and some new information will come from the interviews. Practicality of research: The interviews are a very good research method and are also practical. The information gained in the process is something new because it is primary source, then from secondary source, which must be checked. Primary source data can help the help to avoid incorrect or approximate information to learn and present further on, there is no need for the author to check it before including it in the dissertation. Also, Face to face interview can also help the author to conduct the interviews on time. The appointments must be made on time and dates are set, interviewees will not have chance to put off the interviews. Finally, it is an interesting process for the author. Sitting with a lot of books or magazine articles in the learning centre sometimes does not arise any interest in the author and the creativity in this case is poor, but to go out and to speak with people makes impressive ideas and final work can differ a lot. Five Codes of Ethics: The author of this dissertation will comply with five codes of ethics, and they will also be the limitations: will not collect information in such a way that participants are not aware of it will explain for what purpose information is required will choose to interview random individuals and will not exert pressure of any kind on them will not change information provided by participants will maintain confidentially at the request of participants The author will strictly follow the Five Codes of Ethics to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding that could develop between the author and interviewees. It is important to respect the interviewees wishes if they have them. It is the best way to say ââ¬Å"Thank Youâ⬠to respect for the time they have devoted and the knowledge for the author. Methodology: ââ¬ËMethodology is the philosophical framework with which the research is conducted or the foundation upon which the research is based. To word it differently, methodology is the rationale for the particular methods you use in your researching and in that type of research in general says Berman (2006, p. 12). That means that methodology is needed to provide the author with the means to find the research needed for the written dissertation. For the purpose of this research, the primary data will consist of two interviews and they will cover all three objectives, first, with one regular customer of ââ¬ËDancing dragon restaurant and the second with one member of the Chinese restaurant. The interviews will be conducted through email and telephone , and will be formal. There will be 10 questions. The interviews will give advice from people who have substantial experience in the industry. Primary and Secondary Data: Data can be drawn from both primary and secondary sources. A secondary source of information already exists and has been gathered by someone else. Official statistics, previous studies, journal, magazine and newspapers articles are all sources of secondary information, and will be used in the research project for findings, analysis and recommendations. There are many styles of primary research experiments, ethnographic research and surveys. Bedford (2006, p.61) defines ââ¬Ëprimary data which comes from the source at the time of the event; it may be a report, newspaper article, film footage, or a live or recorded interview. That means that primary data are something that is not from sources that are already available to each student, but what he/she has studied or gained from the information by doing some research on his /her own. Many courses of study require students to engage in some form of primary research activity. In this dissertation, there will be questionnaires for people selected for the research. An advantage is that information which will be found is something new and unreached, but the limitations may be about the confidentiality of the interviewees if they ask for it. Quantitative and Qualitative Data: Quantitative data encompass a group of methods focusing on quantities and on numbers, ââ¬Ëscientific research relies heavily on quantitative data. This means it focuses on changes or differences that can be measured. Standardised measurements are used such as number, time, weight, and length, says Cottrell (2008, p.206), so that results are easy to compare unbiased. This source of data is very important and is well appropriate for the project, but at the end ââ¬Ëcheck and verify the results, looking for errors and odd results adds Moore (2006, p.139). However, qualitative research can also enhance the rigour and credibility of quantitative research. Qualitative research is ââ¬Ëfounded on the belief that social phenomenon (belief and experiences) can be explained with reference to the wider contexts of lived lives adds Burns (2008, p.231). He adopts the stance that people have knowledge of their own lives and that they can talk about those. Questionnaire and Interview Design: There are two types of interviews, which are classified according to the degree of flexibility. One is unstructured and the second one is structured. ââ¬ËThe strength of unstructured interview is the almost complete freedom they provide in terms of content and structure. You may formulate questions and raise issues on the spur of the moment, depending upon what occurs to you in the context of the discussion explains Kumar (2005, p.123). A structured interview, continues Kumar (2005, p.126), is when ââ¬Ëthe researcher asks a predetermined set of questions, using the same wording and order of questions, using the same wording and order of questions as specified in the interview schedule is a written list of questions, open ended or close ended, prepared for use by an interviewer in a person to person interaction. In this project, there will be structured interviews with open ended questions, because there are only 20 questions to gain the information needed for the project. T his means that the research methods for this project are qualitative. Summary: Basically methodology is the rationale for the particular methods the researcher uses in the research to gather the needed information. For this report, author will obtain information from these methods primary Findings Chapter: 5 Research Findings Findings Introduction: Findings: Demographic profile of respondents: Source: mintel 2007 Table one show the results of the respondents demographic and dining profiles. Among the 284 valid respondents, females accounted for 52.5% of diners. The average respondent was 37 years old. The majority of respondents were Caucasian (60.2%), followed by Asian (32%) and other (7.8%). Respondents were most likely to go to a Chinese restaurant with their family (47.6%), followed by friends (27.1%) and relatives (15.2%) and were less likely to dine with business colleagues (2.1%) or by themsel Customer Satisfaction for Chinese Restaurants in the US Customer Satisfaction for Chinese Restaurants in the US Introduction: Aim of Project: Perception of Chinese restaurant in the U.S: What affects customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions? Objectives: To analyse the customers behavioural intentions for Chinese restaurant in U.S. To analyse the perception of Chinese restaurant in the U.S. To evaluate and analyse what affects customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. The United States is a multicultural and multiethnic nation and this national trend of diversity is expected to consistently increase (Josiam and Monteiro, 2004; Sukalakamala and Boyce, 2007). One reflection of this cultural and ethnic diversity is the variety and prosperity of ethnic restaurants in the American foodservice market. The U.S. ethnic food market generates $75 billion in annual sales, around 65% of which is attributed to the foodservice industry (US ethnic food market, 2005). Yet, the fast growth of ethnic restaurants is not driven entirely by the growing number of new immigrants. In fact, 75% of ethnic food consumption comes from non-ethnic customers (US ethnic food market, 2005). As lifestyles change and dining out becomes more and more commonplace, many customers desire new flavours and experiences. Along with this popularity is the rapid development of Chinese restaurants. According to Chinese restaurants news (2007), there are about 43,139 Chinese restaurants in the United States, which is more than the total number of all McDonalds Wendys and burger king domestic outlets combined. Chinese restaurants generate over $17.5 billion annual sales, accounting for about one fourth of overall annual sales generated by ethnic restaurants in the U.S. (Chinese Restaurant News, 2007). Known for its good taste and great value for the price, Chinese cuisine is among the ââ¬Å"big threeâ⬠most popular ethnic cuisines in the U.S. food service market (National Restaurant association, 1995). It is estimated that 90% of the American population has tried Chinese food and 63% of Americans eat Chinese food each month (George, 2001). Facing more sophisticated American consumers and increasing competition in the restaurant industry, Chinese restaurants can no longer succeed by depending on good taste or low price alone. According to National Restaurant Association (2000a,b), due to an increased familiarity with ethnic food. American consumers attitudes toward ethnic cuisine have recently changed. Today, an exotic experience is not enough to attract consumers to an ethnic restaurant. Customers are no longer willing to trade off inferior service or atmosphere for an opportunity to try new flavours. They prefer an excellent overall dining experience. Moreover, Chinese restaurants are facing increasing challenges from other emerging Asian restaurants and from the changing tastes of American customers who prefer healthy or spicy food. Therefore, a better understanding of the key attributes influencing customer satisfaction and post dining behavioural intentions in Chinese restaurants will provide important practical implications for Chinese restaurants operators. Literature review: At all stages in the elaboration of a dissertation, the author must exert control over both the content and the way it is organised. The literature review is what shows that the author understand the chosen topic and keeps to the aim. ââ¬ËIn researching for your dissertation or project, you will generally be expected to source material for yourself says MacMillan (2007, p.61). Meanwhile, Swetnam (2005, p.76) gives examples and his definition is that ââ¬Ëthe literature review is central to the dissertation and in all styles of work. It has a number of functions, for example, it shows that you have read widely around your chosen topic, it demonstrates your critical understanding of the theory; it informs and modifies your own research. White (2006, p.83) gives a newer definition that the literature review ââ¬Ëwill help you to discuss the dissertation in its relevant context, together with any theoretical frameworks which may be involved. It may also trigger your imagination an d help you set the work in a new and different light because the author learns and understands more, which can stimulate further analysis. Research Method: The researcher need way to get the data will be from books, magazines, newspaper and through internet. As there are so many websites, no. of books, newspaper and magazines from where researcher will get updated information regarding the research. Through qualitative method the researcher will be able to find out easier way for doing research and by getting direct information related with the research. And the other thing is that in qualitative method accuracy rate is good not all time but, mostly.Quantitative method also very helpful to do the research. Code of Ethics: The world tourism organisation developed a code of ethics. This is recognition of the need to enshrine many of the principles of global action on the environment and the rights of tourists and workers. The basic principles inherit in the code are: 2 Table of contents Implementation of the principles of the code of ethics of hospitality. Mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies. Restaurant as a beneficial activity for host countries and communities. Summary: This work will introduced the conceptual issues associated with the research of ââ¬Å"customer satisfaction from Chinese restaurant in USâ⬠and also demonstrate what is happening with people of the local community. Chapter: 2 Literature Review Literature Review: An Introduction At all stages in the elaboration of a dissertation, the author must exert control over both the content and the way it is organised. The literature review is what shows that the author understand the chosen topic and keeps to the aim. ââ¬ËIn researching for your dissertation or project, you will generally be expected to source material for yourself says MacMillan (2007, p.61). Meanwhile, Swetnam (2005, p.76) gives examples and his definition is that ââ¬Ëthe literature review is central to the dissertation and in all styles of work. It has a number of functions, for example, it shows that you have read widely around your chosen topic, it demonstrates your critical understanding of the theory, it informs and modifies your own research. White (2006, p.83) gives a newer definition that the literature review ââ¬Ëwill help you to discuss the dissertation in its relevant context, together with any theoretical frameworks which may be involved. It may also trigger your imagination an d help you set the work in a new and different light because the author learns and understands more, which can stimulate further analysis. Chapter: 1 Ethnic cuisine development and Chinese restaurants in the US. In the past few decades, with the influx of new immigrants as well as diversifying tastes of Americans, ethnic foods have become widely available and increasingly popular in the U.S. food service market (Josiam and monteiro, 2004). Traditional ethnic cuisines such as Italian, Mexican and Cantonese Chinese have become so familiar to American customer that they are perceived as mainstream American foods (Mills, 2000). In the meanwhile, many emerging ethnic cuisines such as Caribbean, Mediterranean and Pan Asian have also gained wide acceptance in recent years (US ethnic food market, 2005). Chinese cuisine arrived in the U.S. with the first railroad construction workers brought over to the west coast of the U.S. in the nineteenth century (Freeman, 2008). From the first Cantonese style Chinese restaurant opened in San Francisco in 1849, it rapidly penetrated towns and cities all over the U.S. and became part of the American experience (Chen and Bowen, 2001). Cantonese style cuisine, characterised by its light sweet and sour flavours, is the most popular Chinese cuisine in the U.S. In the recent years, other styles of Chinese cuisine have also become familiar to American customers, such as Szechwan, Hunan and Mandarin styles. The first two styles are famous for their hot and spicy flavours, while the last one is characterised by light, elegant and mildly seasoned foods (George, 2001). According to the National Restaurant Association (1995), customer perceived Chinese cuisine as a great value for the price, good for carryout, rich in flavour and difficult to prepare at hom e. Although there a few Chinese restaurant chains operating in the U.S. such as P. F. Changs China Bistro and Panda Express, most Chinese restaurant has a Chinese name outside, is decorated with Chinese styled pictures and artifacts, such as Chinese brush landscape paintings red lanterns, offers a menu printed in both Chinese and English, and provides Chinese characterised tableware, such as chopsticks and Chinese restaurants have been facing intense competition among themselves due to fast development and expansion in the U.S., as well as from other emerging Asian restaurants such as Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai and Vietnamese ( Jang et al., 2009). Thus, maintaining customer satisfaction and repeat patronage may be more important for Chinese restaurants than ever before. Chapter: 2 Customer satisfaction and related theories The topic of ââ¬Å"customer satisfactionâ⬠has held a significant position in the marketing literature over the decades since satisfied customers can be generate long-term benefits for companies, including customer loyalty and sustained profitability (Homburg et al., 2006). Researchers have explained the mechanism of customer satisfaction with number of distinct theories, such as expectancy-disconfirmation theory (Oliver, 1981), contrast theory (Howard and Sheth, 1969), assimilation or cognitive dissonance theory (Anderson, 1973), equity theory (Oliver and Swan, 1989), and value percept theory (Westbrook and Reilly, 1983). Among them, the most widely accepted theory is the expectancy disconfirmation theory. According to this theory, customers satisfaction judgements are the results of comparisons between customers expectations and perceived performance. If the perceived performance exceeds the expectation, the expectation is positively disconfirmed and the customer is satisfie d. On the contrary, if the perceived performance falls short of the expectation, the expectation is negatively disconfirmed and the customer is dissatisfied. Another influential theory for customer satisfaction is the equity theory. This theory suggests that satisfaction occurs when customers perceived that they have obtained more benefits compared to their cost (e.g. money, time and effort) and perceived value is an appropriate factor in measuring satisfaction (Oliver and Swan, 1989; Yuan and Jang, 2008). Another commonly used theory, the three factor theory, provides a basic explanation for the structure of customer satisfaction. This theory claims that three independent satisfaction factors influence customer satisfaction in different ways (Kano, 1984; Matzler and Sauerwein, 2002). Basic factors are minimum requirement for satisfaction. Failure to fulfil the minimum requirements causes dissatisfaction, whereas fulfilling or exceeding them does not necessarily lead to satisfaction. Excitement factors increase customer satisfaction if delivered but do not cause dissatisfaction if not delivered. Performance factors lead to satisfaction if performance is high and to dissatisfaction if performance is low (Fuller and Matzler, 2008). This theory has been validated empirical studies (e.g. Fuchs, 2004; Matzler et al., 2006) and could provide an additional perspective for understanding the effects of restaurant attributes on customer satisfaction. Basic factors can be seen as the prerequisite s for the satisfaction, signifying that customer take that for granted. Performance factors are a critical competitive area and directly related to customers explicit needs and wants. Excitement factors are unexpected by customers, so they can be a ââ¬Å"surprise giftâ⬠that generates extra delight (Fuller and Matzler, 2008). Chapter: 3 Behavioural Intentions Behavioural intention can be defined as the degree to which a person has formulated conscious plans to perform or not perform some specified future behaviour (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980). According to the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975), behavioural intention is the motivational component of a volitional behavioural and is highly correlated with behaviour itself (Jang and Feng, 2007). Although there are still arguments about the level of correlation between behavioural intentions and actual actions, it seems to be generally agreed that behavioural intention is a reasonable variable for predicting future behaviour (Quelette and Wood, 1988). Thus, a good understanding of the determinants of favourable post-dinning behavioural intentions such as saying positive things about the restaurant, recommending the restaurant to others, and repeat purchasing can provide practical guidance for restaurant practitioners. Another construct that is highly related to behavioural intentions is customer satisfaction. It is regarded as one of the key antecedents of post purchase behavioural intentions because customer satisfaction has a positive effect on the customers attitude towards the product or service and can reinforce the customers conscious effort to purchase the product or service again in the future (Oliver, 1989, 1999). However, previous studies have also suggested that factors that influence customer satisfaction are not always in accordance with factors influencing customer behavioural intention, for example, Sulek and Hensley (2004) found that food, atmosphere, and fairness of the seating order were all significant predictors of a customers overall dining satisfaction, but only food quality predicted post-dining behavioural intention. In examining food quality in restaurants, Namkung and Jang (2007) reported that food temperature had a significant effect on customer satisfaction but no effec t on behavioural intention. Conversely, healthy options were a direct determinant of behavioural intentions but did not influence customer satisfaction. Therefore, there is a practical need to investigate the effects of restaurant attributes on both customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Chapter: 4 Factors influencing customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in restaurants Reuland et al. (1985) suggested that hospitality services consist of a harmonious mixture of three elements: the material product, the behaviour and attitude of the employees, and the environment. Berry et al. (2002) also proposed three categories of cues that present themselves in the service experience: functional cues (technical quality of service), mechanic cues (nonhuman elements in the service environment) and humanic cues (behaviour of service employees). Based on these propositions, the basic restaurant attributes can be said to be include food, service and environment. Though a literature review of dining satisfaction and behaviour intention, all three basic elements were found to directly or indirectly contribute to customers overall satisfaction with a restaurant experience and their post dining behavioural intentions. Chapter: 5 Food Quality As the core product of a restaurant, food plays a pivotal role in the restaurant experience. Food quality has been generally accepted as major factor influencing customer satisfaction and post dining behavioural intention. For example, Dube et al. (1994) measured the relative importance of seven restaurant attributes in repeat purchase intention in an upscale restaurant setting and found that food quality was far more important to restaurant customers than all others attributes, Sulek and Hensley (2004) investigated the relative importance of food and physical setting, and service in a full-service restaurant and found that food quality was the most important factor influencing satisfaction and the only factor predicting behavioural intention. Namkung and Jang (2007) evaluated the relationship of individual attributes that constitute food quality (e.g. food presentation, menu variety, healthy options, taste, food freshness and temperature) with customer satisfaction and behavioural i ntentions. The findings indicated that food presentation, taste and temperature were significantly related to customer satisfaction whereas food presentation, taste and healthy options (instead of temperature) were significant predictors of behavioural intention. Besides the above- mentioned six individual attributes, ââ¬Å"food safetyâ⬠is also an important cue for evaluating food quality. ââ¬Å"Although food-safety defects are not always immediately apparent, customers do tend to notice undercooked food, food with an off taste, or foreign material in their foodâ⬠(Sulek and Hensley, 2004). Thus, food may serve as the most basic and lowest standard when judging quality. Service Quality: In the service literature, perceived service quality is defined as the customers judgement of the overall excellence or superiority of the service (Zeithaml, 2008). It is the customers subjective evaluation, resulting from a comparison of expectations and perceived performance. SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al, 2008) is the instrument most often used for measuring perceived service quality in the marketing literature. It consists of five service dimension, namely, tangibles (physical facilities, equipment, and appearance of personnel), reliability (ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately), and responsiveness (willingness to help customers and provide prompt service), assurance (knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to inspire trust and confidence) and empathy (caring, individualized attention the firm provides its customers). To adapt SERVQUAL to the restaurant industry, Stevens et al. (2005) modified several items from the original SERVQUAL and d eveloped DINESERV to measure perceived service quality in restaurants. In the restaurant industry, since customers not only evaluate the quality of food but also the service encounters during their dining experience, perceived service quality is seen as another core determinant of customers satisfaction and behavioural intention. For example Kivela et al. (2009) proposed a comprehensive model for dining satisfaction and return patronage. Their study indicated that the probability of return patronage was dependent on customers satisfaction with five aspects of a restaurant: first the last impressions, service quality, and ambience quality, food quality and feeling comfortable eating there and reservation and parking. Ladhari et al. (2008) investigated determinants of dining satisfaction and post-dining behavioural intentions, and concluded that perceived service quality influenced customer satisfaction through both positive and negative emotions, Customer satisfaction, in turn, influ enced recommendations, customer loyalty and willingness to pay more. Their results suggested that compared with food quality/reliability, physical design and price, service responsiveness was the most important contributor to customer satisfaction. ATMOSPHERICS Atmospherics is perceived as the quality of the surroundings space. According to Kotler (2006) it is the conscious designing of space to produce specific emotional effects in buyers that enhance their purchase probability. Atmospherics is made up of a set of elements, such as music, lighting, colour and scent. Research in environmental psychology has suggested that atmospherics has a powerful impact on peoples emotions, attitude and behaviour. Mehrabian and Russell (2005) first introduced a theoretical model to explain the impact of environmental stimuli on individual behaviour. The model claims that the physical environment could influence peoples emotional response (such as pleasure and arousal), which in turn elicits approach or avoidance behaviour toward the environment. The model has gained consistent support from the numerous empirical studies in different service settings, such as retail stores and hotels (Baker and Cameroon, 2006). In the restaurant context, Ryu and Jang (2007) explored the combined effect of multiple atmospheric variables on behavioural intentions in upscale restaurants. Their findings supported that ambience (example music, aroma, and temperature) and employee appearance had the most important influence n customers post dining behavioural intentions. OTHER FACTORS-PRICE FAIRNESS AND AUTHENCITY Besides food, service and atmospherics, perceived price fairness could be another factor that influences the customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions (Bei and Chiao, 2007). It is based on consumer internal reference prices, which could be generated by the last price paid, the price most frequently paid and the market prices in similar transactions (Kahneman et al.2006). This principle posits that firms are entitled to a reasonable profit and customers are entitled to a reasonable price. An increase in price is preserved to be fair if it is due to a cost increase. Otherwise, it is preserved to be unfair if the price is increased without any underlying cost increase. Perceived fairness of price is found to be positively related to customer satisfaction and loyalty (Bei and Chiao, 2007), whereas perceived unfairness of price can lead to immediate negative attitudinal and behavioural responses such as dissatisfaction, complaining and switching to other providers (Xia et al. 2005) . Authenticity is an attribute that could be specifically relevant to ethnic restaurants. Authenticity refers to whether the food and ethnic origin. In other words, the environment and cuisines are not adjusted to meet local tastes and customers who are familiar with the culture of the ethnic origin can be judging its authenticity (Ebster and Guist 2006). Compared with Americans restaurants, ethnic restaurants usually make use of ethnic art, decor, music and customers. Some scholars even describe ethnic restaurants as cultural ambassadors of the home country and the dining experience in an ethnic as culinary tourism (Wood and Munoz, 2006). Summary Based on the literature review, this study investigated customer perception of Chinese restaurant in terms of food related attributes service related attributes, atmosphere related attributes and other attributes (price and authenticity), and identified the key attributes affecting customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Research Method Chapter: 3 Research Method Research Method Introduction: Methodology is the study of methods and it raises all sorts of philosophical questions about what it is possible for researcher to know and how valid their claims to knowledge might be (Fisher, 2007, p.40) The researcher has to consider the nature of the setting being studied or the ââ¬Ëquestion being asked, as well as any possible limitations on the study, such as time and resources. Resources may be human being or monetary resources, or research tools such as computers or computer assisted telephone interviewing laboratories. There also needs to be to be a match between the study topic and methodology. For example, a research question that seeks to determine the size of the visiting friends and relatives market in an area would use a quantitative methodology, not a qualitative methodology, because the focus is on quantification. A methodology is a systematic and orderly approach taken towards the collection and analysis of data so that information can be obtained from those data. Data are raw, specific, undigested and therefore largely meaningless; information, in contrast, is what you get when data have been arranged in such a way that uncertainty is lessened, queries resolved, and questions answered. In the words of Jankowicz (2005, p.220) ââ¬Å"Everything you do in your empirical work should be directed to the one end of gathering and presenting data from which information can be easily and simply derivedâ⬠. Veal (2006, p. 125) The research approach: The author will use primary sources in the dissertation. Two interviews will be conducted: with one member of Dancing Dragon, Teesside (one of manager ) with one regular customer of Dancing Dragon restaurant The two chosen people one from Dancing Dragon and another from a regular customer of Chinese restaurant. Therefore, that customer will be capable of answering all questions and give new examples. The experience for the author is important because the answers will be based on true stories, examples and theories that are necessary for the dissertation. The interviews will be done by email and telephone, which could give the author an opportunity to gain some extra information if the interview exceeds the prepared questions and some new information will come from the interviews. Practicality of research: The interviews are a very good research method and are also practical. The information gained in the process is something new because it is primary source, then from secondary source, which must be checked. Primary source data can help the help to avoid incorrect or approximate information to learn and present further on, there is no need for the author to check it before including it in the dissertation. Also, Face to face interview can also help the author to conduct the interviews on time. The appointments must be made on time and dates are set, interviewees will not have chance to put off the interviews. Finally, it is an interesting process for the author. Sitting with a lot of books or magazine articles in the learning centre sometimes does not arise any interest in the author and the creativity in this case is poor, but to go out and to speak with people makes impressive ideas and final work can differ a lot. Five Codes of Ethics: The author of this dissertation will comply with five codes of ethics, and they will also be the limitations: will not collect information in such a way that participants are not aware of it will explain for what purpose information is required will choose to interview random individuals and will not exert pressure of any kind on them will not change information provided by participants will maintain confidentially at the request of participants The author will strictly follow the Five Codes of Ethics to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding that could develop between the author and interviewees. It is important to respect the interviewees wishes if they have them. It is the best way to say ââ¬Å"Thank Youâ⬠to respect for the time they have devoted and the knowledge for the author. Methodology: ââ¬ËMethodology is the philosophical framework with which the research is conducted or the foundation upon which the research is based. To word it differently, methodology is the rationale for the particular methods you use in your researching and in that type of research in general says Berman (2006, p. 12). That means that methodology is needed to provide the author with the means to find the research needed for the written dissertation. For the purpose of this research, the primary data will consist of two interviews and they will cover all three objectives, first, with one regular customer of ââ¬ËDancing dragon restaurant and the second with one member of the Chinese restaurant. The interviews will be conducted through email and telephone , and will be formal. There will be 10 questions. The interviews will give advice from people who have substantial experience in the industry. Primary and Secondary Data: Data can be drawn from both primary and secondary sources. A secondary source of information already exists and has been gathered by someone else. Official statistics, previous studies, journal, magazine and newspapers articles are all sources of secondary information, and will be used in the research project for findings, analysis and recommendations. There are many styles of primary research experiments, ethnographic research and surveys. Bedford (2006, p.61) defines ââ¬Ëprimary data which comes from the source at the time of the event; it may be a report, newspaper article, film footage, or a live or recorded interview. That means that primary data are something that is not from sources that are already available to each student, but what he/she has studied or gained from the information by doing some research on his /her own. Many courses of study require students to engage in some form of primary research activity. In this dissertation, there will be questionnaires for people selected for the research. An advantage is that information which will be found is something new and unreached, but the limitations may be about the confidentiality of the interviewees if they ask for it. Quantitative and Qualitative Data: Quantitative data encompass a group of methods focusing on quantities and on numbers, ââ¬Ëscientific research relies heavily on quantitative data. This means it focuses on changes or differences that can be measured. Standardised measurements are used such as number, time, weight, and length, says Cottrell (2008, p.206), so that results are easy to compare unbiased. This source of data is very important and is well appropriate for the project, but at the end ââ¬Ëcheck and verify the results, looking for errors and odd results adds Moore (2006, p.139). However, qualitative research can also enhance the rigour and credibility of quantitative research. Qualitative research is ââ¬Ëfounded on the belief that social phenomenon (belief and experiences) can be explained with reference to the wider contexts of lived lives adds Burns (2008, p.231). He adopts the stance that people have knowledge of their own lives and that they can talk about those. Questionnaire and Interview Design: There are two types of interviews, which are classified according to the degree of flexibility. One is unstructured and the second one is structured. ââ¬ËThe strength of unstructured interview is the almost complete freedom they provide in terms of content and structure. You may formulate questions and raise issues on the spur of the moment, depending upon what occurs to you in the context of the discussion explains Kumar (2005, p.123). A structured interview, continues Kumar (2005, p.126), is when ââ¬Ëthe researcher asks a predetermined set of questions, using the same wording and order of questions, using the same wording and order of questions as specified in the interview schedule is a written list of questions, open ended or close ended, prepared for use by an interviewer in a person to person interaction. In this project, there will be structured interviews with open ended questions, because there are only 20 questions to gain the information needed for the project. T his means that the research methods for this project are qualitative. Summary: Basically methodology is the rationale for the particular methods the researcher uses in the research to gather the needed information. For this report, author will obtain information from these methods primary Findings Chapter: 5 Research Findings Findings Introduction: Findings: Demographic profile of respondents: Source: mintel 2007 Table one show the results of the respondents demographic and dining profiles. Among the 284 valid respondents, females accounted for 52.5% of diners. The average respondent was 37 years old. The majority of respondents were Caucasian (60.2%), followed by Asian (32%) and other (7.8%). Respondents were most likely to go to a Chinese restaurant with their family (47.6%), followed by friends (27.1%) and relatives (15.2%) and were less likely to dine with business colleagues (2.1%) or by themsel Azamathttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09764894724008757450noreply@blogger.com0